漢言津梁─馬禮遜的中文教學著作及其影響

The compilation concerns and features of the ＂Chinese teacher＂ Robert Morrison's books for Chinese learning

游博清(Po-Ching Yu)

馬禮遜 ； 東印度公司 ； 中文學習 ； 倫敦會 ； Robert Morrison ； London Missionary Society ； English East India Company ； Chinese learning

興大歷史學報

30期（2016 / 06 / 01）

51 - 80

繁體中文

英國基督教來華傳教士馬禮遜 (Robert Morrison, 1782-1834)自1810年起，在英國東印度公司(English East India Company, 1600-1874)廣州商館(Cantonfactory)內擔任「中文教師」(Chinese teacher)，展開長達約二十年的中文教學活動，他返英休假時也創立「語言傳習所」(The Language Institution)，倡導中文學習，過程中亦編纂相關著作供有意學中文者參考，本文分析這些著作形成的背景與內容，認為他並非隨意地編纂之，而是受到個人對學習中文的態度、他與公司的聘僱關係、中文學生背景、向平民傳教的需求等各種主客觀因素的影響。另外，文中透過相互比較和歸納，嘗試論述馬禮遜編撰相關學習中文參考著作普遍呈現的特色和創新的理念，一是講求通俗、淺顯，另外則是重視認知中國當前或新近的情事。馬禮遜中文學習的理念不僅影響了同時期或稍後來華傳教士的中國著述，也引起歐洲中國研究者的許多關注和評論，頗具時代意義。

From 1810, Robert Morrison (1782-1834) worked as a ＂Chinese Teacher＂ at the Canton factory of the English East India Company (1600-1874) and began his Chinese teaching activities for about twenty years. He set up the Language Institution in London to promote Chinese learning as well when he went back to Britain for a vacation. In the process of his Chinese teaching, he compiled or wrote relative books successively for persons intending to study the Chinese language. This paper analyzed the spatiotemporal background and contents of Morrison's books for Chinese learning. The author claimed that Morrison did not compile them at random, but was affected by both subject and object factors when compiling those books, including his opinions on how to learn Chinese, his role as an employee of the EIC, the background of his Chinese students, the mission work for common people and so on. Moreover, through induction and comparison, the writer claimed some features and innovative ideas existed on books that Morrison compiled for Chinese learning. One is colloquialism and plain, and the other is to understand the current or not long ago affairs of China. The ideas embedded in Morrison's books not only affected the writings of contemporary or later missionaries to China, but attracted many attentions and comments from the scholars involved in Chinese studies in Europe, having its significance and meanings.

1. 卞浩宇(2013)。倫敦會來華傳教士馬禮遜與近代漢語教學。漢學研究通訊，32(3)，17-23。
   連結：
2. 王宏志(2009)。馬戛爾尼使華的翻譯問題。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊，63，102-103。
   連結：
3. 王宏志(2010)。「我會穿上綴有英國皇家領扣的副領事服」：馬禮遜的政治翻譯活動。編譯論叢，3(1)，11。
   連結：
4. 游博清、黃一農(2010)。天朝與遠人—小斯當東與中英關係（1793-1840）。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊，69，1-40。
   連結：
5. 廖振旺(2008)。「萬歲爺意思說」─試論十九世紀來華新教傳教士對《聖諭廣訓》的出版與認識。漢學研究，26(3)，225-262。
   連結：
6. William Milne, A Retrospect of the First Ten Years of the Protestant Mission to China (Malacca: Anglo-Chinese Press, 1820), pp. 89-93., pp. 105-107, pp. 113-114
7. H. B. Morse, The Chronicles, v. 1, p. 296.
8. Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, Élémens de la Grammaire Chinoise (Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1822), pp. 38-106., pp. 107-165
9. Peter P. Thoms, “M. Klaproth's attack upon Dr. Morrison.” The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China and Australasia, new series 2.7(1830), pp. 201-205
10. Elizabeth Morrison, Memoirs of the Life and Labours of Robert Morrison (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1839), v. 2, p. 82., appendix 2, p. 80., pp. 84-85, p. 9., pp. 76-77., pp. 39-45., p. 358.
11. Robert Morrison, Dialogues and Detached Sentences in the Chinese Language, with a Free and Verbal Translation in English (Macao: The East India Company's Press, 1816)., pp. 1-17, 68-86, 98-103, 178-184, 242-243., pp. 72-74
12. Susan Reed Stifler, “The Language Students of the East India Company's Canton Factory.” Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 69(1938), pp. 46-82.
13. George T. Staunton, Miscellaneous Notices Relating to China, Part the Second (London: private circulation, 1828), pp. 282-284
14. Robert Morrison, A Dictionary of the Chinese Language, in Three Parts (Macao: The East India Company's Press, 1815), v. 1, part 1, pp. 379, 606-607.
15. Robert Morrison, Dialogues and Detached Sentences in the Chinese Language, with a Free and Verbal Translation in English (Macao: The East India Company's Press, 1816), pp. 1-4.
16. Samuel Dyer, A Vocabulary of the Hok-Këen Dialect as Spoken in the County of Tshëang-Tshew (Malacca: The Anglo-Chinese College, 1838).
17. Joseph Hager, An Explanation of the Elementary Characters of the Chinese (London: Richard Phillips, 1801), pp. xlv, xlvii.
18. Anon., “Chinese Lexicography.” The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China and Australasia, new series 3(1830), p. 225., pp. 224, 230, pp. 223-230
19. Robert Morrison, China. A Dialogue, for the Use of Schools: Being Ten Conversations, Between a Father and his two Children, Concerning the History and Present State of that Country (London: James Nisbet, 1821)., pp. 3-8, 93-112.
20. Robert Morrison, A Parting Memorial (London: W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, 1826), pp. 372-378.
21. Robert Morrison, Chinese Miscellany; consisting of original extracts from Chinese authors, in the native character; with Translations and Philological Remarks (London: London Missionary Society, 1825), fly page.
22. Joshua Marshman, Elements of Chinese Grammar (Serampore: The Mission Press, 1814), pp. 431-442.
23. IOR/G/12/191, pp. 70-73., IOR/G/12/186, 1813/10/18, pp. 43-44; IOR/G/12/205, 1817/2/22, p. 218., IOR/G/12/199, 1815/12/13, pp. 78-81.
24. George Smith, The Life of William Carey (London: J. M. Dent & Co., 1909), p. 247
25. H. B. Morse, The Chronicles, v. 2, pp. 209, 343.
26. Anon., “Philological and Historical Works of Mr. Klaproth.” The Oriental Herald and Colonial Review 2.5(1824), pp. 388-393.
27. Robert Morrison, A View of China for Philological Purposes: containing a sketch of Chinese chronology, geography, government, religion & customs, designed for the use of persons who study the Chinese language (Macao: The East India Company's Press, 1817), p. 1, pp. 103-104, 105-109, 114-116., pp. 5-12, 61-86, 87-102.
28. Antonio Montucci, Being a Parallel Drawn between the two Intended Chinese Dictionaries (London: T. Cadell & W. Davies, 1817), pp. 21, 57., pp. 62-63., pp. 94-95, p. 109., p. 42-52
29. Elizabeth Morrison, Memoirs of the Life and Labours of Robert Morrison, v. 1, pp. 414-415
30. Joshua Marshman, Elements of Chinese Grammar (Serampore: The Mission Press, 1814), pp. 356, 376.
31. John Webb, The Antiquity of China or an Historical Essay (London: Obadiah Blagrave, 1678).
32. Robert Morrison, Translation from the Original Chinese, with Notes (Canton: East India Company Press, 1815).
33. The Chinese Repository, 3.1(1834), pp. 10-12., 7.3(1838), pp. 115-116., 8.7 (1840), p. 341., 7.3(1838), p. 114.
34. Robert Morrison, A Grammar of the Chinese Language (Serampore: The Mission Press, 1815), p. iv., p. iii., pp. 114, 116, 133., pp. 77, 80, pp. 113-143, 181-196.
35. Walter Henry Medhurst, A Dictionary of the Hok-këen Dialect of the Chinese Language (Macao: East India Company press, 1832)
36. Anon., “Chinese Literature.” The Eclectic Review, 12(1819), p. 173.
37. Robert Morrison, A Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect (Macao: The East India Company's Press, 1828), part III, “Chinese words and phrases.”
38. Antonio Montucci, The Characteristic Merits of The Chinese Language (London: Cadell and Davies, 1801), pp. 1, 8
39. H. B. Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 1635-1834 (Oxford: The Clarendon press, 1926-29), v. 5, pp. 117-118. , pp. 27, 49, 76.
40. W. H. Medhurst, Chinese Dialogues, Questions, and Familiar Sentences, Literally Rendered Into English, with a View to Promote Commercial Intercourse, and to Assist Beginners in the Language (Shanghae: London Mission Press, 1844), p. 1.
41. Anon., “Chinese Literature- To the editor of The Oriental Herald.” The Oriental Herald 6.19(1825), pp. 107-110.
42. Beekes, Robert S. P.(2011).Comparative Indo-European Linguistics.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Co..
43. Brockey, L. M.(2007).Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579-1724.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
44. William, Philip F.(ed.)(2010).Asian Literary Voices. From Marginal to Mainstream.Amsterdam:Amsterdam University Press.
45. 丁國偉(2007)。博士論文(博士論文)。香港，香港中文大學研究院中國語言及文學學部。
46. 王輝、葉拉美(2009)。馬禮遜和馬士曼的《大學》譯本。中國文化研究所學報，49，414-415。
47. 何紹斌(2008)。越界與想像：晚清新教傳教士譯介史論。上海:上海三聯書店。
48. 宋莉華(2005)。第一部傳教士中文小說的流傳與影響—米憐《張遠兩友相論》論略。文學遺產，2005(2)，116-126。
49. 李真(2005)。漢語札記對世界漢語教學史的貢獻。世界漢語教學，74，105-109。
50. 周振鶴(2003)。中國洋涇濱英語最早的語詞集。廣東社會科學，2003(1)，77-84。
51. 林玉山(1996)。明清時期—中國辭書編纂進一步發展期。辭書研究，1996(2)，133-140。
52. 胡優靜(2009)。英國19世紀的漢學史研究。北京:學苑出版社。
53. 張國剛、吳莉葦(2001)。明清傳教士與歐洲漢學。北京:中國社會科學出版社。
54. 張湧泉(1999)。論梅膺祚的《字彙》。中國語文，1999(6)，473-477。
55. 許光華(2009)。法國漢學史。北京:學苑出版社。
56. 熊文華(2007)。英國漢學史。北京:學苑出版社。
57. 鄭夢娟(2009)。19世紀上半葉英國漢語語法研究的特點及啟示。江漢大學學報（人文版），2009(1)，53-59。
58. 黎子鵬編注(2013)。贖罪之道傳─郭實獵基督教小說集。新北市:橄欖出版有限公司。
59. 譚樹林(2004)。馬禮遜與中西文化交流。杭州:中國美術學院出版社。
60. 蘇精(2005)。中國，開門！—馬禮遜及相關人物研究。香港:基督教中國宗教文化研究社。
61. 蘇精(2014)。鑄以代刻：傳教士與中文印刷變局。臺北:國立台灣大學出版中心。
62. 蘇精(2000)。馬禮遜與中文印刷出版。臺北:臺灣學生書局。