Implementation of PBL in Different Cultural Contexts and Student Learning Research

10.6145/jme.201109_15(3).0008

Man-Yuen Sze；Daniel

PBL ； student learning research ； phenomenography ； 3P model ； TCM education ； cultural context

Journal of Medical Education

15卷3期（2011 / 09 / 01）

287 - 306

英文

We need ”well-trained” medical doctors as well as Traditional Chinese Practitioners to serve in society to safeguard the quality of our health. It is argued that despite international medical education centres adopting innovative approaches to learning through the use of problem-based learning (PBL) in western medical training, such medical programs do not automatically ensure that students will graduate with high quality learning outcomes and understanding at a level to prepare them to readily uptake the responsibility and challenges related to the medical profession, in other words, that they are well trained. We are now at a crossroad to consider whether we need to have a similar extensive reform of ”PBL in TCM education” to enhance better student learning. PBL is one way of designing the learning experience for medical students in higher education. The exercise of designing a curriculum to be experienced in one particular way, does not necessarily mean that all students engaging in that curriculum will experience in the way intended by the designer. Seminal research of educational research conducted in the last 40 years provides an alternative answer to understand and explain student learning experiences. It is argued that the university students engaged in learning and teaching activity all experience that same learning and teaching context in different ways. It is important for Western and TCM medical educators firstly to discover such variation in the ways students perceive the learning context, their approaches to study and the quality of their learning outcomes before they decide and implement changes in the practice of teaching and learning that may lead to better student learning outcomes.

1. Hasslet L: McMaster University introduces problem-based learning in medical education. History of education: selected moments of the 20th century. D Schugurensky: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE/UT), 2001..
2. Shanley DB, M Kelly: Why problem-based learning? Available at: [http://www.odont.lu.se/projects/ADEE/shanley.html]
3. Flexner A: Medical Education in the United States and Canada. Boston: Merrymount Press, 1910
4. Ahn, D.(1999).Visiting elective students at the University of Toronto from the Korea University Medical College.Med Educ,33,460-465.
5. Bagot, K.,Lindley, J.(2006).Cultural Diversity in First Year Medicine-Where are the Issues?.Griffith University's Gold Coast Campus.
6. Ballard, B.,Clanchy, J.(1984).Study Abroad: A Manual for Asian Students.Malaysia:Longman.
7. Barrows, H. S.(1986).A taxonomy of problem-based learning.Med Educ,20,481-486.
8. Bennett, N.(1998).Asian students in New Zealand.Wellington:Asian 2000 Foundation of New Zealand.
9. Biggs, J.(1994).What are effective schools? Lessons from east and west.Australian Educ Researcher,21,19-40.
10. Biggs, J.(2003).Teaching for Quality Learning at University.Buckingham:SRHE.
11. Biggs, J. B.(1987).Student Approaches to Learning and Studying.Australia:Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd.
12. Biggs, J. B.,Collis, K. F.(1982).The psychological structure of creative writing.Australian J Educ,26(1),59-70.
13. Biggs, J. B.,Watkins, D. A.(1996).The Chinese learner in retrospect.The Chinese learner: cultural, psychological and contextual influences,Hong Kong:
14. Bond, M. H.(1996).The Handbook of Chinese Psychology.Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.
15. Boud, D.(1985).Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia: Problembased learning in education for the professions.Sydney:HERDSA.
16. Boulton-Lewis, G.(1998).Applying the SOLO taxonomy to learning in higher education.Teaching and learning in higher education,Melbourne:
17. Camp, M. G.(1996).Problem-based learning: a paradigm shift or a passing fad?.Med Educ Online,1,2.
18. Chalmers, D.,Volet, S(1997).Misconceptions about Students from South-East Asia Studying in Australia.Higher Educ Research Development,16(1),1-11.
19. Crawford, K.,Gordon, S.(1998).Qualitatively different experiences of learning mathematics at university.Learning Instruction,8(5),455-468.
20. Crawford, K.,Gordon, S.(1994).Conceptions of Mathematics and How it is Learned: The perspective of students entering university.Learning Instruction,4,331-345.
21. Dahlgren, L.(1997).Learning Conceptions and Outcomes.The Experience of Learning: Implications for Teaching and Studying in Higher Education,Edinburgh:
22. De Vos, GA(1973).Socialization for Achievement: Essays on the Cultural Psychology of the Japanese.Berkeley:University of California Press.
23. Duch, Barbara J.,Groh, Susan E.,Allen, Deborah E.(2001).The Power of Problem-based Learning.Sterling, VA:Stylus.
24. Dunkin, M. J.,Biddle, B. J.(1974).The Study of Teaching.New York:Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
25. Eng, K. H.(2000).Can Asians do PBL?.CDTL Brief,3(3)
26. Entwistle, N. J.(1991).Approaches to learning and perceptions of the learning environment.Higher Educ,22,201-204.
27. Entwistle, N.,Ramsden, P.(1983).Understanding Student Learning.New York:Croom Helm Ltd.
28. Fransson, A.(1977).On qualitative differences in learning. IV-Effectives of motivation and test anxiety on process and outcome.British J Educ Psychology,47,244-257.
29. Gibbs, G.(ed.)(1994).Improving Student Learning: Theory and Practice.Oxford:OCSD.
30. Hawthorne, L.,Minas, I. H.(2004).A case study in the globalization of medical education: assisting overseas-born students at the University of Melbourne.Med Teacher,26(2),150-159.
31. Hazel, E.,Prosser, M.(1994).First-year university students' understanding of photosynthesis, their study strategies and learning context.Am Biology Teacher,56(5),274-279.
32. Hendry, G. D.,Lyon, P. M.(2006).Conceptions of problem-based learning: the perspectives of students entering a problem-based medical program.Med Teach,28(6),573-575.
33. Ho, D. Y. F.,Chan, F. S.(2001).An Investigative Research in Teaching and Learning.Greenwich, CT:Information Age Publishing.
34. Kay-Lambkin, F.,Pearson, S.-A.(2002).The influence of admissions variables on first year medical school performance: a study from Newcastle University.Australia Med Educ,36(2),154-159.
35. Kember, D.(2000).Misconceptions about the Learning Approaches, Motivation, and Study Practices of Asian Students.Higher Educ,40(1),99-121.
36. Kember, D.,Gow, L.(1991).A Challenge to the Anecdotal Stereotype of the Asian Student.Studies in Higher Educ,16(2),117-128.
37. Kenley, R.(1995).PBL: within a traditional teaching environment.AUBEA conference,NSW:
38. Kennedy, P.(2002).Learning cultures and learning styles: myth-understandings about adult (Hong Kong) Chinese learners.Int J Lifelong Educ,21(5),430-445.
39. Khoo, H.,Chhem, R.(2001).Introduction of problembased learning in a traditional medical curriculum in Singapore-students' and tutors' perspectives.Ann Acad Med Singapore,30(4),371-374.
40. Klimidis, S.,Minas, I. H.(1997).Cultural diversity in Australian medical education.Med Educ,31,58-66.
41. Lee, W.O.(1996).The cultural context for Chinese learners: conceptions of learning in the Confusican tradition.The Chinese learner: cultural, psychological and contextual influences,Hong Kong:
42. Li, M.,Baker, T.(2002).Mismatched Expectations: A Case Study of Asian Students in New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Applied Business Research,1(1),137-156.
43. Littlewood, W.(1999).Defining and developing autonomy in East Asian contexts.Applied Linguistics,20(1),71-94.
44. Liu, R. W.(1998).Educational and career expectations of Chinese-American college students.J College Student Dev,39(6),577-589.
45. MacKinnon(1999).PBL in Hong Kong.PBL Insight,2,1-6.
46. Margetson, D.(1991).Is there a future for problem-based education?.Higher Educ Review,23(2),33-47.
47. Marton, F.(ed.),Hounsell, D.(ed.)(1997).The Experience of Learning.Edinburgh:Scottish Academic Press.
48. Marton, F.,Booth, S.(1997).Learning and Awareness.Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum.
49. Marton, F.,Dall''alba, G.(1993).Conceptions of learning.Int J Educ Res,19(3),276-300.
50. Meyer, J. H. F.,Muller, M. W.(1990).Evaluating the quality of student learning. I-an unfolding analysis of the association between perceptions of learning context and approaches to studying at an individual level.Studies in Higher Educ,15,131-154.
51. Perry, W.(1970).Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme.New York:Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
52. Prosser, M.(2004).A student learning perspective on teaching and learning, with implications for problem-based learning.Eur J Dental Educ,8,51-58.
53. Prosser, M.(1996).Differences in students' perceptions of learning physics.Physics Educ,31(1),43-48.
54. Prosser, M.(1994).A Phenomenographic study of students' intuitive and conceptual understanding of certain electrical phenomena.Instructional Science,22,189-205.
55. Prosser, M.,Millar, R.(1989).The 'how' and 'what' of learning physics.Eur J Psychology Educ,4,513-528.
56. Prosser, M.,Trigwell, K.(1999).Understanding Learning and Teaching: The Experience in Higher Education.Philadelphia, PA:Open University Press.
57. Prosser, M.,Webb, C.(1994).Relating the process of undergraduate essay writing to the finished product.Studies in Higher Educ,19(2),125-138.
58. Pye, L. W.,Pye, M. W.(1985).Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority.Cambridge, Mass:Belknap Press.
59. Ramsden, P.(1991).A performance indicator of teaching quality in higher education: the course experience questionnaire.Studies in Higher Educ,16(2),129-150.
60. Ramsden, P.(1992).Learning to teach in higher education.London:Routledge.
61. Rao, Z.(2002).Matching teaching styles with learning styles in East Asian contexts.The Internet TESL J
62. Salili, F.,Chiu, C.(2001).The Influence of Culture and Context on Students' Motivational Orientation and Performance. Student Motivation: The Culture and Context of Learning.Student Motivation: The Culture and Context of Learning,New York:
63. Saljo, R.(1979).Learning about learning.Higher Education,8(4),443-451.
64. Samuelowicz, K.(1987).Learning Problems of Overseas Students: two Sides of a Story.Higher Educ Research Development,6(2),121-133.
65. Savin-Baden, M.(2000).Problem-based Learning in Higher Education: Untold Stories. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education.Open University Press.
66. Seneviratne, R.,Samarasekera, D.(2001).Students' perception of problem-based learning in the medical curriculum of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo.Ann Acad Med Singapore,30(4),379-381.
67. Tang, C.(1996).How Hong Kong students cope with assessment.The Chinese learner: cultural, psychological and contextual influences,Hong Kong:
68. Treloar, C.,McCall, N.(2000).Factors affecting progress of Australian and international students in a problem-based learning medical course.Med Educ,34(9),708-715.
69. Volet, S, P.,Renshaw, P.(1996).Chinese students at an Australian university: adaptability and continuity.The Chinese learner: cultural, psychological and contextual influences,Hong Kong:
70. Walton, H. J.,Matthews, M. B.(1989).Essentials of problembased learning.Med Educ,23,542-548.
71. Watkins, D.,Reghi, M.(1991).The Asian learner as a rote learner stereotype: myth or reality?.Educ Psychology,11(1),21-34.
72. West, L. H. T.(ed.),Pines, A. L.(ed.)(1985).Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change.New York:Academic Press.

1. Tam, Leslie,Kwan, Chiu-Yin(2011).Commentary: From "Senpai" PBL Tutors to TBL Student Preceptors in Asian Medical Schools: In Search of Solutions to Asian Attitudes to Learning and Large Student Classes.醫學教育,15(3),101-108.
2. Wu, Lii-Tzu,Wu, Hsi-Chin,Tu, Ming-Gene,Sun, Shung-Shung,Kwan, Chiu-Yin,Hsu, Li-Chuan(2012).The Change of Student Perception toward PBL in a Medical School with a hybrid-PBL Preclinical Curriculum in Taiwan.醫學教育,16(3),97-113.