探索中小學教師工作中的信任問題：信任認知與修復之道

Exploring the trust issues in the work of teachers below high school: Trust perception and repair methods

阮光勳(Ruan, Quang-Xun)

教師工作信任 ； 信任認知 ； 人際信任 ； 信任修復 ； interpersonal trust ； repair trust ； trust in the work of teachers ； trust perception

嘉大教育研究學刊

47期（2021 / 12 / 31）

133 - 161

繁體中文

本研究從教師的角度探討其如何認知信任的相關議題，同時瞭解他們學校中同儕信任對其工作產生的影響，以及對修復信任與校長在修復歷程可扮演角色的看法。研究者採用質性研究中的集體案例研究法進行闡述，以便利取樣選定十位研究參與者，並透過半結構式深度訪談蒐集資料。研究結果發現，十位參與者認為信任是一種期待，一種影響，一種指導方針，一種生活依賴，其重要性也普受參與者接受。多數參與者傾向於信任其同儕。與信任同儕做事時，交流頻繁；與不信任的同儕做事時，則是獨善其身。對於信任修復，多數參與者並不看好。不過十位教師仍對校長營造信任氛圍寄予厚望，提出「五不六要」的可行作法。

This study explores how teachers perceive trust-related issues from the perspective of teachers, and at the same time understands the impact of peer trust in their schools on their work, as well as their views on restoration of trust and the role of principals in the restoration process. The researcher uses the collective case study method in qualitative research to explain it to facilitate sampling and selecting ten research participants, and collect data through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The results of the study found that ten participants believed that trust is an expectation, an influence, a guideline, and a life dependence, and its importance is generally accepted by the participants. Most participants tend to trust their peers. When doing things with trusted peers, they communicate frequently; when doing things with distrusted peers, they are independent. For trust repair, most participants are not optimistic. However, ten teachers still have high hopes for the principal to create an atmosphere of trust, and put forward the feasible method of ＂five don'ts six needs＂.

1. 郭昭佑,陳美如(2014)。以信任為教師專業發展評鑑的關鍵因素－以一所小學為例。教育資料與研究，114，39-60。
   連結：
2. 馮丰儀,楊宜婷(2015)。我國國民小學校長真誠領導與教師信任關係之研究。臺北市立大學學報，46(2)，1-27。
   連結：
3. 熊慧嵐,周睦怡,施勝文,陳東升(2019)。大學社會創新組織間的中介溝通與信任建立機制分析。人文與社會科學集刊，9，427-465。
   連結：
4. 鄭雅婷(2015)。教師組織信任、學校組織氣氛對工作滿意度的影響：階層線性模式分析。新竹教育大學教育學報，32(2)，35-58。
   連結：
5. Bottom, W.P.,Gibson, K.,Daniels, S.,Murnighan, J.K.(2002).When talk is not cheap︰Substantive penance and expressions of intent in rebuilding cooperation.Organization Science,13(5),497-513.
6. Bruhn, J.(2001).Trust and the Health of Organization.New York, NY:Springer.
7. Bryk, A.S.,Schneider, B.(2002).Trust in Schools: A Core resource for school reform.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
8. Creswell, J.(2002).Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Merrill/Prentice Hall.
9. Fontaba, F.,Frey, J.(2000).The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text.Handbook of qualitative research,Thousand Oaks, CA:
10. Gillespie, N.,Dietz, G.(2009).Trust repair after organization-level failure.Academy of Management Review,34(1),127-145.
11. Govier, T.(1992).Distrust as a practical problem.Journal of Social Philosophy,23(1),52-63.
12. Hoy, W.K.,Kupersmith, W.(1985).The meaning and measure of faculty trust.Educational and Psychological Research,5,1-10.
13. Hoy, W.K.,Tschannen-Moran, M.(1999).Five faces of trust: an empirical confirmation in urban elementary schools.Journal of School Leadership,9(3),184-208.
14. Kähkönen, T.(2020).Employee trust repair after organizational change.Journal of Organizational Change Management,33(6),1143-1161.
15. Kim, P.H.,Dirks, K.T.,Cooper, C.D.(2009).The repair of trust: a dynamic bilateral perspective and multilevel conceptualization.Academy of Management Review,34(3),401-422.
16. Kramer, R.(Ed.),Tyler, T.(Ed.)(1996).Trust in Organizations: frontiers of theory and research.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
17. Kramer, R.M.(1999).Trust and distrust in organizations: emerging perspectives, enduring questions.Annual Review of Psychology,50,692-724.
18. Kvale, S.(1996).Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
19. Leithwood, K.,Harris, A.,Hopkins, D.(2008).Seven strong claims about successful achool leadership.School Leadership & Management,28,27-42.
20. Lewicki, R.J.,Brinsfield. C(2017).Trust repair.Annual Review of OrganizationalPsychology and Organizational Behavior,4,287-313.
21. Mayer, R.C.,Davis, J.H.,Schoorman, F.D.(1995).An integration model of organizational trust.Academy of Management Review,20(3),709-734.
22. Miles, M.,Huberman, A.(1994).Qualitative data analysis.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
23. Robinson, S.L.(1996).Trust and breach of the psychological contract.Administrative Science Quarterly,41,574-599.
24. Rousseau, D.M.,Sitkin, S.B.,Burt, R.S.,Camerer, C.(1998).Not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust.The Academy of Management,23(3),393-404.
25. Schweitzer, M.E.,Hershey, J.C.,Bradlow, E.T.(2006).Promises and lies︰Restoring violated trust.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process,101(1),1-19.
26. Smith, P.A.,Flores, A.A.(2014).Principal influence and faculty trust: An analysis of teacher perceptions in middle school.Trust and school life : The role of trust for learning, teaching, leading, and bridging,New York:
27. Stake, R.(2000).Case studies.Handbook of qualitative research,Thousand Oaks, CA:
28. Tschannen-Moran, M.(2004).Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools.San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
29. Tschannen-Moran, M.(2003).Fostering organizational citizenship in schools: Transformational leadership and trust.Studies in leading and organizing schools,Greenwich, CT:
30. Tschannen-Moran, M.(2001).Collaboration and the need for trust.Journal of Educational Administration,39(4),308-331.
31. Tschannen-Moran, M.,Hoy, Wayne(1998).Trust in schools：A conceptual and empirical analysis.Journal of Educational Administration; Armidale,36(4),334-352.
32. Whitener, E.M.,Broodt, S.E.,Korsgaard, M.A.,Werner, J.M.(1998).Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior.Academy of Management Review,23,513-530.
33. Zand, D.E.(1972).Trust and managerial problem solving.Administrative Science Quarterly,17(2),229-239.
34. Zander, U.,Kogut, B.(1995).Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: An empirical test.Organization Science,6(1),76-92.
35. 吳芝儀（譯）,廖梅花（譯）(2001).紮根理論研究方法.嘉義:濤石文化.
36. 吳政達(2018)。教師信任對團隊績效影響之研究：團隊成員交換關係與利他行為的中介效果分析。教育政策論壇，21(4)，129-254。
37. 吳政達,湯家偉,羅清水(2007)。心理契約、組織公平、組織信任與組織公民行為結構關係之驗證：以臺北地區國民中學學校組織為例。教育政策論壇，10(1)，133-159。
38. 劉宗翰(2013)。高雄市國民中學教師組織信任與教師專業發展評鑑參與意願關係之研究。教育研究論壇，4(2)，265-288。
39. 蔡進雄(2015)。國民中小學校長不當督導影響主任對校長信任及幸福感之研究。教育行政與評鑑，18，25-55。
40. 賴志峰(2018)。校長的信任領導：一所都會地區學校之個案研究。教育政策與管理，3，63-93。