華人高階管理者網絡中的特殊連帶與人際情感：深層心理契合與正式工作關係的效果

Particularistic Ties and Interpersonal Affection within Chinese High-level Manager Networks: Effects of Deep-level Psychological Fitness and Formal Working Relationships

周麗芳(Li-Fang Chou)；鄭伯壎(Bor-Shiuan Cheng)；陳靜慧(Chin-Hui Chen)；任金剛(Chin-Kang Jen)；許金田(Chin-Tien Hsu)

人際情感 ； 特殊連帶 ； 深層心理契合 ； 管理者網絡 ； deep-level psychological fitness ； interpersonal affection ； manager network ； particularistic ties

本土心理學研究

23期（2005 / 06 / 01）

201 - 257

繁體中文

有關華人組織中關係(guanxi)的研究一直深受重視，許多研究者也都體認到關係網絡對華人管理者的重要性，但相關的實徵研究卻極為缺乏。此外，雖然研究者一再強調人際情感是長期互動的關鍵，但也少有研究探討管理者網絡中特殊連帶關係與人際情感的關聯。有鑑於此，本研究以121位企業組織高階管理者為受試對象，要求他們列舉重要的管理網絡關係人，總共獲得745對網絡連帶，以探討管理者網絡中特殊連帶(particularistic tie)對人際情感（包括情感信任與親近感）的影響。同時，也檢驗了深層心理契合（含價值與興趣相似）與正式工作關係對特殊連帶與人際情感的中介與調節效果。 結果發現：(1)同時比較人口背景同質性(demographic homophily)與特殊連帶對人際情感的影響時，特殊連帶具有較強的淨解釋力；此外，不同的特殊連帶對人際情感的影響效果不同；(2)價值與興趣相似對人際情感（包括情感信任與親近感），具有顯著的正向影響效果；(3)除了家人關係之外，特殊連帶對人際情感的作用，會受到深層心理契合的中介；(4)管理者與重要他人的正式工作關係，對家人、過去上司、及過去同事關係等特殊連帶與人際情感之關聯具有調節效果。 從上述的研究結果，可以進一步說明關係在華人組織中運作的真實內涵：(1)特殊連帶（家人、朋友、主管、同事）對人際互動與情感的重要性，遠高於人口背景相似性；(2)管理者與網絡中重要他人的特殊連帶與人際情感關係，反映出費孝通(1948)差序格局的同心圓的親疏有別；(3)深層心理契合無法完全中介家人連帶對人際情感的效果，凸顯出華家人連帶在華人人際情感中的優位性；(4)組織中正式關係與特殊連帶關係的調節效果，反映出華人關係運作的複雜度與豐富性。最後，本研究討論了研究限制，並指出未來的研究方向。

Researchers have acknowledged the importance of guanxi networks for Chinese managers' performance, but only a few related empirical studies have been carried out. Likewise, even though interpersonal affection has been highlighted as the key to long-term interpersonal interaction, very few studies have explored the relationship between particularistic ties and interpersonal affection in the context of manager networks. We asked 121 high-level managers to enumerate the critical people within their management network. Based on the 745 pairs of network ties acquired, we probed the effect of particularistic ties on interpersonal affection (including affective trust and closeness). We also examined the mediating effect of deep psychological fitness (including similarity in values and interests) and the moderating effect of formal working relationships on particularistic ties and interpersonal affection. Findings include the following: (1) The effect of particularistic ties on interpersonal affection is stronger than that of demographic homophily, and different types of particularistic ties have different effects on interpersonal affection; (2) Deep-level psychological fitness have a significant effect on interpersonal affection; (3) Except for relationships with family members, the effect of particularistic ties on interpersonal affection is mediated by deep-level psychological fitness; (4) For the influence of relationships with family members, past supervisors, and past colleagues on interpersonal affection, the manager's formal working relationship with important others have a moderated effect. Based on these findings, the actual content of guanxi in the context of Chinese organizations is: (1) the importance of particularistic ties (family, friends, supervisors, colleagues) on interpersonal interaction and affection is much more significant than that of demographic homophily; (2) supervisor's particularistic ties and affectionate relationships with important others demonstrate the concentric circles' differential mode of association as per Fei Xiaotong's theory; (3) deep psychological fitness is incapable of completely mediating the effects of family ties on interpersonal affection, which is a manifestation of the superiority of family ties in Chinese interpersonal affection; (4) the mediation effect of formal relationships and particularistic ties within organizations reveals the complexity and omnipresence of Chinese guanxi. The limitations of this study and direction for future studies are discussed.

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