以跨理論模式探討大學運動員之生涯準備狀況與因應策略的差異

Differences of Career Preparation and Coping Strategies among College Student-Athletes Based on the Transtheoretical Model

10.5297/ser.1904.003

黃崇儒(Chung-Ju Huang)；洪聰敏(Tsung-Min Hung)

生涯阻礙 ； 生涯輔導 ； 自我效能 ； career barrier ； career assistance ； self-efficacy

大專體育學刊

19卷4期（2017 / 12 / 31）

329 - 340

繁體中文;英文

大學運動員通常會經驗到生涯轉換的挑戰，因為大部分人的運動生涯已經接近尾聲，而生涯準備程度會影響到這個時期的心理反應和生涯阻礙知覺。本研究目的以跨理論模式為基礎，探討不同生涯準備行為階段者在生涯因應策略、自我效能、運動員認同感、生涯阻礙的差異；並探討不同的行為階段改變者（前進者、不變者、後退者）在這些變項上的變化。以大學體育院校競技科系三、四年級學生運動員542名為研究對象（男生344名、女生為198名，平均年齡21.6 ± 1.3歲），進行問卷調查；八個月後再從中招募146名四年級參與者（男生92名、女生54名）進行追蹤調查。研究結果顯示：75%參與者的生涯準備行為階段落於準備期、行動期、維持期；從思考前期到維持期，積極的壓力因應策略越多，自我效能知覺越高，生涯阻礙知覺越少。在追蹤調查則發現61%的四年級運動員生涯準備階段維持不變，25%往前移動，14%有後退現象。而往前移動者最主要的特徵為自我解決能力提升，有後退現象者則是使用較多的負向情緒因應策略、知覺到較多的自我效能減退和生涯阻礙知覺的增加。本研究結論：以跨理論模式探討大學運動員的生涯準備狀況有其合適性，大多數人在三年級結束時的生涯準備行為已經穩定。生涯準備行為的階段與壓力因應策略和自我效能有密切關係；而消極的壓力因應策略與生涯阻礙知覺的增加，可能導致運動員生涯準備行為的不足。本研究發現提供有用的訊息給大學有關單位去發展一些針對大學運動員的生涯輔導課程。

College student-athletes are usually experienced challenges for making a successful career transition, because most of them step into the end of their athletic career. During this stage, the extent to which athletes' readiness for career transition may influence their psychological responses and perceptions of career barriers. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of career coping strategies, self-efficacy, athletic identity, and career barriers among athletes with different stages of readiness for career transition, based on the transtheoretical model. Further, the changes of these variables over time were examined in athletes who had different types of action progress (advancer, maintainer, relapser). Five hundred and forty-two college student-athletes (344 males, 198 females, age = 21.6 ± 1.3 yrs) were recruited to complete a package of questionnaires, and 146 senior students from this sample were invited to a following reinvestigation 8 months later. The results indicated that 75% of the participants were located on the stages of preparation, action and maintenance. From the pre-contemplation to maintenance stages, participants reported more positive career coping strategies, stronger career self-efficacy, and fewer career barriers. The following investigation showed that 61% of the senior students remained at the same stage, 25% advanced to the next stages and 14% moved back to the preceding stages. Those advancers were featured by an increased level of self-solution coping strategies, whereas those relapsers were related to elevated levels of negative-emotional coping strategies and career barriers, and a decreased level of self-efficacy. It is concluded that the transtheoretical model is an applicable framework to explore career preparation of college student-athletes. Most of college student-athletes exhibit stable behaviors for career preparation at the end of junior year. The level of readiness for career transition is associated with coping strategies and career self-efficacy, and increased levels of negative coping strategies and career barriers may lead to insufficient preparation for career transition. The findings of this study provide the university authorities available information to develop effective career assistance programs for college student-athletes.

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