遊戲「直播」間？遊戲化對直播持續使用意圖之影響

Play with Live Broadcasts? The Influence of Gamification on Continuance Intention

李家瑩(Chia-Ying Li)；方郁惠(Yu-Hui Fang)；溫冠倫(Guan-Lun Wun)

遊戲化 ； 直播 ； MDE架構 ； 自我決定論 ； gamification ； live-streaming ； Mechanics ； Dynamics ； Emotions (MDE) framework ； self-determination theory

資訊管理學報

26卷3期（2019 / 07 / 30）

241 - 273

繁體中文

隨著直播市場的蓬勃發展，如何在眾多的直播平台中脫穎而出，提升觀眾的參與度及持續使用意圖，已經成為直播平台業者高度重視的議題。過去直播相關文獻，大多著重於直播的技術層面，較少從觀眾的觀點出發，探討直播平台互動機制對於觀眾使用意圖之影響。因此，本研究以遊戲化理論中的Mechanics, Dynamics, Emotions（MDE）架構為基礎，探討遊戲化機制對於觀眾持續使用直播意圖之影響。透過網路問卷調查，共回收520份有效問卷，研究結果顯示遊戲化機制對於即時互動與沉浸有正向顯著影響；即時互動對沉浸與歸屬感有正向顯著影響；沉浸對於歸屬感有正向顯著影響，歸屬感會進一步提升觀眾的持續使用意圖。此外，高感知自主對歸屬感影響持續使用意圖方面具有干擾效果。本研究結果將作為直播平台業者執行策略時之參考。

Purpose-With the advance of information technology, live-streaming is becoming more and more popular. Several types of live-streaming programs are broadcast on multiple channels, such as Twitch, Youtube, and 17. With increased live-streaming, will consumers continue to watching a specific live broadcasting? This study aims to explore the influences of gamification on consumers' continuance intention. Design/methodology/approach-The research framework was developed based on the Mechanics, Dynamics, Emotions (MDE) framework and the self-determination theory. Online questionnaire survey was used. A total of 520 valid questionnaires were collected in Taiwan. Partial-least squares was employed to test the research model. Findings-The results show that the game mechanism has a positive effect on online real-time interactivity and immersion. Online real-time interactivity has a positive impact on immersion and sense of belonging. Besides, immersion positively impacts sense of belonging, which further has a positive effect on the continuous intention. Finally, autonomy has a moderating effect on the relationship between sense of belonging and continuance intention. Research limitations/implications - This paper focuses on the impact of gamification on customers' continuance intention in the live-streaming context. However, this study does not incorporate the characteristics of live-streaming into the research model. Future search may take live-streaming specific factors into consideration. Furthermore, different live-streaming channels can be characterized by different game elements. This study explores gamification by using three game elements, in terms of rewards, badge, and ranking. Hence, future studies are recommended to consider differences between different live-streaming channels. Practical implications-This paper provides several managerial implications with managers of live-streaming channels for implementing marketing strategies. Managers can provide different types of game elements on live-streaming channels, so that streamer can select various element and utilize them flexibly to provide superior experiences for customers. Also, online streamers can authorize customers to design program content or rundown. When customer have high levels of perceived autonomy, the positive influences of sense of belonging on continuance intention would be strengthened. Originality/value-This paper is the first that applies the Mechanics, Dynamics, Emotions (MDE) framework in the live-streaming context. It advances gamification literature in explaining online customers' behaviors. The paper concludes with implications for managers and online streamers of live-streaming channels, and future directions for gamification research are also discussed.

1. Ahmad, N.,Omar, A.,Ramayah, T.(2010).Consumer lifestyles and online shopping continuance intention.Business Strategy Series,11(4),227-243.
2. Aiken, L.S.,West, S.G.,Reno, R.R.(1991).Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
3. Aldemir, T.,Celik, B.,Kaplan, G.(2018).A qualitative investigation of student perceptions of game elements in a gamified course.Computers in Human Behavior,78,235-254.
4. Anderson, A.,Huttenlocher, D.,Kleinberg, J.,Leskovec, J.(2013).Steering user behavior with badges.Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web
5. Anderson, J.Q.,Rainie, L.(2012).Gamification: Experts expect ‘game layers’ to expand in the future, with positive and negative results.Games for Health: Research, Development, and Clinical Applications,1(4),299-302.
6. Antin, J.,Churchill, E.F.(2011).Badges in social media: A social psychological perspective.CHI 2011 Gamification Workshop,BC, Canada:
7. Armstrong, J.S.,Overton, T.S.(1977).Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys.Journal of Marketing Research,14(3),396-402.
8. Bakker, A.B.(2008).The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF.Journal of Vocational Behavior,72(3),400-414.
9. Bakker, A.B.(2005).Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experiences.Journal of Vocational Behavior,66(1),26-44.
10. Bandura, A.(1986).Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ US:Prentice-Hall.Inc.
11. Barata, G.,Gama, S.,Fonseca, M.J.,Gonçalves, D.(2013).Improving student creativity with gamification and virtual worlds.Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications
12. Baumeister, R.F.,Leary, M.R.(1995).The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Bulletin,117(3),497-529.
13. Bhattacherjee, A.(2001).Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-confirmation model.MIS Q,25(3),351-370.
14. Boyd, D.M.,Ellison, N.B.(2008).Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,13(1),210-230.
15. Brown, W.J.(2015).Examining four processes of audience involvement with media personae: Transportation, parasocial interaction, identification, and worship.Communication Theory,25(3),259-283.
16. Brown, W.J.,Basil, M.D.(2010).Parasocial interaction and identification: Social change processes for effective health interventions.Health Communication,25(6/7),601-602.
17. Bründl, S.,Hess, T.(2016).Why do users broadcast? Examining individual motives and social capital on social live streaming platforms.PACIS 2016 Proceedings
18. Camerer, C.(2003).Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
19. Cha, M.,Kwak, H.,Rodriguez, P.,Ahn, Y.Y.,Moon, S.(2007).I tube, you tube, everybody tubes: Analyzing the world's largest user generated content video system.Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM conference on internet measurement
20. Cheung, G.,Huang, J.(2011).Starcraft from the stands: Understanding the game spectator.Proc. CHI,11,763-772.
21. Choi, D.,Kim, J.(2004).Why people continue to play online games: In search of critical design factors to increase customer loyalty to online contents.Cyber Psychology & Behaviour,7(1),11-24.
22. Crumlish, C.,Malone, E.(2009).Designing Social Interfaces: Principles, Patterns, and Practices for Improving the User Experience.O’Reilly Media.
23. Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1975).Beyond Boredom and Anxiety.San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
24. Davis, F.(1989).Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology.MIS Quarterly,13(3),319-340.
25. De Paoli, S.,De Uffici, N.,D’Andrea, V.(2012).Designing badges for a civic media platform: Reputation and named levels.Proceedings of the 26th annual BCS interaction specialist group conference on people and computers
26. Deci, E.,Ryan, R.M.(2000).The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior.Psychological Inquiry,11(4),227-268.
27. Deci, E.L.,Koestner, R.,Ryan, R.M.(2001).Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation in education: Reconsidered once again.Review of Educational Research,71(1),1-27.
28. Deci, E.L.,Koestner, R.,Ryan, R.M.(1999).A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.Psychological Bulletin,125(6),627-668.
29. Deci, E.L.,Ryan, R.M.(1987).The support of autonomy and the control of behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,53(6),1024-1037.
30. Deci, E.L.,Ryan, R.M.(2002).Handbook of Self-determination Research.Rochester, NY:University of Rochester Press.
31. Deci, E.L.,Ryan, R.M.(1985).Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior.New York:Plenum.
32. Deci, E.L.,Vansteenkiste, M.(2004).Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology.Ricerche di Psichologia,27(1),23-40.
33. Deterding, S.,Dixon, D.,Khaled, R.,Nacke, L.(2011).From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining gamification.Proceedings of the 15th international academic MindTrek conference: Envisioning future media environments
34. Dias, J.(2017).Teaching operations research to undergraduate management students: The role of gamification.The International Journal of Management Education,15,98-111.
35. Etemad-Sajadi, R.(2016).The impact of online real-time interactivity on patronage intention: The use of avatars.Computers in Human Behavior,61,227-232.
36. Fornerino, M.,Helme-Guizon, A.,Gotteland, D.(2008).Movie consumption experience and immersion: Impact on satisfaction.Recherche et Applications en Marketing,23(3),93-110.
37. Frederick, E.L.,Lim, C.H.,Clavio, G.,Walsh, P.(2012).Why we follow: An examination of parasocial interaction and fan motivations for following athlete archetypes on Twitter.International Journal of Sport Communication,5(4),481-502.
38. Fu, F.L.,Su, R.C.,Yu, S.C.(2009).EGameFlow: A scale to measure learners’ enjoyment of e-learning games.Computers & Education,52(1),101-112.
39. Fullagar, C.,Kelloway, E.K.(2009).Flow at work: An experience sampling approach.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,82(3),595-615.
40. Fullerton, T.(2018).Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games.CRC Press.
41. Gagné, M.(2014).The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation, and Self Determination Theory.New York, NY, United States:Oxford University.
42. Gagné, M.,Deci, E.L.(2005).Self-determination theory and work motivation.Journal of Organizational Behavior,26(4),331-362.
43. Goddard, W.,Garner, J.,Jensen, M.M.(2016).Designing for social play in co-located mobile games.Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference
44. Goudas, M.,Biddle, S.,Fox, K.(1994).Perceived locus of causality, goal orientations, and perceived competence in school physical education classes.British Journal of Educational Psychology,64(3),453-463.
45. Guo, Z.,Xiao, L.,Toorn, C.V.,Lai, Y.,Seo, C.(2016).Promoting online learners’ continuance intention: An integrated flow framework.Information & Management,53(2),279-295.
46. Hair, J.F.,Anderson, R.E.,Babin, B.J.,Black, W.C.(2010).Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective (Vol. 7).Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson.
47. Hamari, J.,Koivisto, J.(2015).Why do people use gamification services?.International Journal of Information Management,35(4),419-431.
48. Hamari, J.,Sjöblom, M(2017).What is eSports and why do people watch it?.Internet Research,27(2),211-232.
49. Hamilton, W.A.,Garretson, O.,Kerne, A.(2014).Streaming on twitch: Fostering participatory communities of play within live mixed media.Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems
50. Harwood, T.,Garry, T.(2015).An investigation into gamification as a customer engagement experience environment.Journal of Service Marketing,29(6/7),533-546.
51. Hilvert-Bruce, Z.,Neill, J.T.,Sjöblom, M.,Hamari, J.(2018).Social motivations of live-streaming viewer engagement on Twitch.Computers in Human Behavior,84,58-67.
52. Hofacker, C.F.,De Ruyter, K.,Lurie, N.H.,Manchanda, P.,Donaldson, J.(2016).Gamification and Mobile Marketing Effectiveness.Journal of Interactive Marketing,34,25-36.
53. Howard, J.,Gagné, M.,Morin, A.,Van den Broeck, A.(2016).Motivation profiles at work: A self-determination theory approach.Journal of Vocational Behavior,95-96,74-89.
54. Hsu, S.H.,Chang, J.W.,Lee, C.C.(2013).Designing attractive gamification features for collaborative storytelling websites.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking,16(6),428-435.
55. Hsu, S.H.,Wen, M.H.,Wu, M.C.(2009).Exploring user preferences as predictors of MMORPG addiction.Computers and Education,53(3),990-999.
56. Hu, C.C.,Lai, C.F.,Hou, J.G.,Huang, Y.M.(2017).Timely scheduling algorithm for P2P streaming over MANETs.Computer Networks,127,56-67.
57. Hunicke, R.,LeBlanc, M.,Zubek, R.(2004).MDA: A formal approach to game design and game research.Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Challenges in Game AI,San Jose, CA:
58. Huotari, K.,Hamari, J.(2012).Defining gamification - A service marketing perspective.Proceedings of the 16th International Academic MindTrek Conference,Tampere, Finland:
59. Ismail, N.Z.,Razak, M.R.,Zakariah, Z.,Alias, N.,Aziz, M.N.A.(2012).E-learning continuance intention among higher learning institution students in Malaysia.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,67,409-415.
60. Jung, Y.(2011).Understanding the role of sense of presence and perceived autonomy in users’ continued use of social virtual worlds.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,16(4),492-510.
61. Kapp, K.(2012).The Gamification of Learning and Instruction.San Francisco:Wiley.
62. Kaur, N.,Sood, S.K.(2017).Efficient resource management system based on 4Vs of big data streams.Big Data Research,9,98-106.
63. Keil, M.,Tan, B.C.,Wei, K.K.,Saarinen, T.,Tuunainen, V.,Wassenaar, A.(2000).A cross-cultural study on escalation of commitment behavior in software projects.MIS Quarterly,24(2),299-325.
64. King, D.,Delfabbro, P.,Griffiths, M.(2010).Video game structural characteristics: A new psychological taxonomy.International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,8(8),90-106.
65. Koh, J.,Kim, Y.G.(2003).Sense of virtual community: A conceptual framework and empirical validation.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,8(2),75-94.
66. Kohler, T.,Fueller, J.,Stieger, D.,Matzler, K.,Stieger, D.,Matzler, K.(2011).Avatar-based innovation: Consequences of the virtual co-creation experience.Computers in Human Behavior,27(1),160-168.
67. Landers, R.N.,Bauer, K.N.,Callan, R.C.(2017).Gamification of task performance with leaderboards: A goal setting experiment.Computers in Human Behavior,71,508-515.
68. LeBlanc, M.(2004).Game design and tuning workshop materials.Game Developers Conference,San Jose, CA:
69. Lee, M.K.O.,Cheung, C.M.K.,Chen, Z.(2005).Acceptance of Internet-based learning medium: The role of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.Information & Management,42(8),1095-1104.
70. Leong, B.,Luo, Y.(2011).Application of game mechanics to improve student engagement.Conference on teaching and learning in higher education,Singapore:
71. Limayem, M.,Hirt, S.G.,Cheung, C.M.K.(2007).How habit limits the predictive power of intention: The case of information systems continuance.MIS Quarterly,31(4),705-737.
72. Lin, C.S.,Wu, S.,Tsai, R.J.(2005).Integrating perceived playfulness into expectation confirmation model for web portal context.Information & Management,42(5),683-693.
73. Lin, H.,Fan, W.,Wallace, L.(2013).The Effects of Social and Technical Factors on User Satisfaction, Sense of Belonging and Knowledge Community Usage.International Journal of e-Collaboration,9(3),13-30.
74. Lin, H.F.(2008).Determinants of successful virtual communities: Contributions from system characteristics and social factors.Information & Management,45(8),522-527.
75. Lin, T.-C.,Wu, S.,Hsu, J.S.-C.,Chou, Y.-C.(2012).The integration of value-based adoption and expectation-confirmation models: An example of IPTV continuance intention.Decision Support Systems,54(1),63-75.
76. Lounis, S.,Neratzouli, X.,Pramatari, K.(2013).Can gamification increase consumer engagement? A qualitative approach on a Green case.Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society,Berlin, Heidelberg:
77. Lutz, R.J.,Guiry, M.(1994).Intense consumption experiences: Peaks, performances, and flow.Winter Marketing Educators’ Conference,St. Petersburg, FL:
78. Ma, M.(Ed.),Oikonomou, A.(Ed.),Jain, L. C.(Ed.)(2011).Serious Games and Edutainment Applications.London, England:Springer-Verlag.
79. Mamonov, S.,Koufaris, M.,Benbunan-Fich, R.(2016).The role of the sense of community in the sustainability of social network sites.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,20(4),470-498.
80. Mäntymäki, M.,Islam, A.N.(2014).Social virtual world continuance among teens: uncovering the moderating role of perceived aggregate network exposure.Behaviour & Information Technology,33(5),536-547.
81. Mcmillan, D.W.,Chavis, D.M.(1986).Sense of community: A definition and theory.Journal of Community Psychology,14(1),6-23.
82. Muntean, C.I.(2011).Raising engagement in e-learning through gamification.Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Virtual Learning (ICVL2011)
83. Neeli, B.K.(2012).A method to engage employees using gamification in BPO industry.Services in emerging markets (ICSEM), 2012 third international Conference on IEEE
84. Nistor, N.,Daxecker, I.,Stanciu, D.,Diekamp, O.(2015).Sense of community in academic communities of practice: Predictors and effects.Higher Education,69(2),257-273.
85. Noort, G.Van,Voorveld, H.A.M.,van Reijmersdal, E.A.(2012).Interactivity in brand web sites: cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses explained by consumers' online flow experience.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(4),223-234.
86. Oh, S.K.,Choi, H.J.(2017).Broadcasting upon a shooting star: Investigating the success of Afreeca TV's livestream personal broadcast model.International Journal of Web Based Communities,13(2),193-212.
87. Park, N.,Jin, B.,Jin, S.A.(2011).Effects of self-disclosure on relational intimacy in Facebook.Computers in Human Behavior,27(5),1974-1983.
88. Payne, K.,Keith, M.J.,Schuetzler, R.M.,Giboney, J.S.(2017).Examining the learning effects of live streaming video game instruction over Twitch.Computers in Human Behavior,77,95-109.
89. Podsakoff, P.M.,MacKenzie, S.B.,Lee, J.Y.,Podsakoff, N.P.(2003).Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5),879-903.
90. Poncin, I.,Garnier, M.,Mimoun, M.S.B.,Leclercq, T.(2017).Smart technologies and shopping experience: Are gamification interfaces effective? The case of the Smartstore.Technological Forecasting & Social Change,124,320-331.
91. Ragin, C.C.,Davey, S.(2014).fs/QCA [Computer Programme], version 2.5.Irvine, CA:University of California.
92. Recktenwald, D.(2017).Toward a transcription and analysis of live streaming on Twitch.Journal of Pragmatics,115,68-81.
93. Rigby, S.,Ryan, R.M.(2011).Glued to games: How video games draw us in and hold us spellbound.Santa, Barbara, CA:Praeger.
94. Robson, K.,Plangger, K.,Kietzmann, J.H.,McCarthy, I.,Pitt, L.(2015).Is it all a game? Understanding the principles of gamification.Business Horizons,58(4),411-420.
95. Rönkkö, M.,Ylitalo, J.(2011).PLS marker variable approach to diagnosing and controlling for method variance.Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems
96. Ruhi, U.(2015).Level Up Your Strategy: Towards a descriptive framework for meaningful enterprise gamification.Technology Innovation Management Review,5(8),5-16.
97. Ryan, R.M.,Connell, J.P.(1989).Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(5),749-761.
98. Ryan, R.M.,Rigby, C.S.,Przybylski, A.(2006).The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach.Motivation and Emotion,30(4),344-360.
99. Scheibe, K.,Fietkiewicz, K.J.,Stock, W.G.(2016).Information behavior on social live streaming services.Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice,4(2),6-20.
100. Schouten, A.P.,Valkenburg, P.M.,Peter, J.(2007).Precursors and underlying processes of adolescents’ online self-disclosure: Developing and testing an Internet Attribute-Perception model.Media Psychology,10(2),292-315.
101. Schuitema, J.,Peetsma, T.,van der Veen, I.(2016).Longitudinal relations between perceived autonomy and social support from teachers and students' self-regulated learning and achievement.Learning and Individual Differences,49,32-45.
102. Schultze, U.(2010).Embodiment and presence in virtual worlds: A review.Journal of Information Technology,25(4),434-449.
103. Seaborn, K.,Fels, D.I.(2015).Gamification in theory and action: A survey.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,74,14-31.
104. Seixas, L.R.,Gomes, A.S.,Filho, I.J.M.(2016).Effectiveness of gamification in the engagement of students.Computers in Human Behavior,58,48-63.
105. Shi, V.G.,Baines, T.,Baldwin, J.,Ridgway, K.,Petridis, P.,Bigdeli, A.Z.,Uren, V.,Andrews, D.(2017).Using gamification to transform the adoption of servitization.Industrial Marketing Management,63,82-91.
106. Sjöblom, M.,Torhonen, M.,Hamari, J.,Macey, J.(2017).Content structure is king: An empirical study on gratifications, game genres and content type on Twitch.Computers in Human Behavior,73,161-171.
107. Skaalvik, E.M.,Skaalvik, S.(2014).Teacher self-efficacy and perceived autonomy: Relations with teacher engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion.Psychological Reports,114(1),68-77.
108. Sweetser, P.,Wyeth, P.(2005).Game flow: A model for evaluating player enjoyment in games.ACM Computers in Entertainment,3(3),1-24.
109. Tajvidi, M.,Wang, Y.,Hajli, N.,Love, P.E.(2017).Brand value Co-creation in social commerce: The role of interactivity, social support, and relationship quality.Computers in Human Behavior,1-8.
110. Tang, J.C.,Venolia, G.,Inkpen, K.M.(2016).Meerkat and periscope: I stream, you stream, apps stream for live streams.Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
111. Tsang, E.W.K.(2002).Acquiring knowledge by foreign partners from international joint ventures in a transition economy: Learning-by-doing and learning myopia.Strategic Management Journal,23(9),835-854.
112. Vandercruysse, S.,Vandewaetere, M.,Cornillie, F.,Clarebout, G.(2013).Competition and students’ perceptions in a game-based language learning environment.Educational Technology Research and Development,61(6),927-950.
113. Vansteenkiste, M.,Ryan, R.M.(2013).On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle.Journal of Psychotherapy Integration,23(3),263-280.
114. Venkatesh, V.,Morris, M.G.,Davis, G.G.,Davis, F.D.(2003).User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view.MIS Quarterly,27(3),425-478.
115. Wan, J.,Lu, Y.,Wang, B.,Zhao, L.(2017).How attachment influences users’ willingness to donate to content creators in social media: A socio-technical systems perspective.Information & Management,54(7),837-850.
116. Wang, X.,Goh, D.H.,Lim, E.P.,Vu, A.W.L.(2016).Understanding the determinants of human computation game acceptance.Online Information Review,40(4),481-496.
117. Wellman, B.(Ed.)(1999).Networks in the Global Village.Boulder, CO:Westview Press.
118. Werbach, K.,Hunter, D.(2012).For the Win, How Game Thinking Can Revolutionize Your Business.Wharton Digital Press.
119. White, R.W.(1959).Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.Psychological Review,66(5),297-333.
120. Williams, G.C.,Le’vesque, C.,Zeldman, A.,Wright, S.,Deci, E.L.(2003).Health care practitioners’ motivation for tobacco-dependence counseling.Health Education Research,18(5),538-553.
121. Williams, G.C.,McGregor, H.A.,Zeldman, A.,Freedman, Z.R.,Deci, E.L.(2004).Testing a self determination theory process model for promoting glycemic control through diabetes self-management.Health Psychology,23(1),58-66.
122. Witmer, B.G.,Singer, M.J.(1998).Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire.Presence,7(3),225-240.
123. Yang, Y.,Golab, L.,Ozsu, M.T.(2017).ViewDF: Declarative incremental view maintenance for streaming data.Information Systems,71,55-67.
124. Zichermann, G.(2011).Gamification by Design: Implementing Game Mechanics in Web and Mobile Apps.Sebastopol, CA, USA:O’Reilly & Associates.

1. 辜玉潔,童秋霞,陳瓊燕,邱紹群(2023)。疫情限制Pokémon GO玩家的續玩意願嗎？。管理資訊計算，12(2)，162-180。
2. 謝佩珊,馮文婷,涂榮庭(2022)。Can Gamification Increase Users' Continued Use Intention of Fitness App? Compare the Effectiveness of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Game Elements。資訊管理學報，29(3)，277-301。
3. 謝欣頻(2020)。網路直播平台與職場困境。諮商與輔導，420，31-34。