「青少年感恩量表」之編製與驗證

The Development and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the "Inventory of Adolescents' Gratitude" in Taiwan

陳馨怡(Hsin-Yi Chen)；吳相儀(Hsiang-Yi Wu)；陳學志(Hsueh-Chin Chen)；徐芝君(Chih-Chun Hsu)；邱發忠(Fa-Chung Chiu)

青少年 ； 量表發展 ； 感恩 ； adolescent ； gratitude ； inventory development

測驗學刊

60卷3期（2013 / 09 / 01）

599 - 626

繁體中文

本研究旨在發展「青少年感恩量表」，內容分為三個分量表，包括：知足感（a sense of abundance）、欣賞簡單事物（simple appreciation）、感激他人（appreciation for other）。首先，以立意取樣抽取237人，經過預試、項目分析、探索性因素分析，以及信度分析後，形成正式量表24題；接著，以分層便利取樣，樣本涵蓋全臺灣北、中、南、東四區域國中一到三年級共1,206位學生。在信、效度部分，本量表重測信度為.82～.83，Cronbach's α係數為.80～.83，顯示本量表具有良好信度；建構效度部分，整體適配度指標均達標準，顯示整體模式適配情形頗為理想；再以「兒童樂觀－悲觀雙因子量表」與「貝克兒童及青少年量表」（BYIII）為效標，發現具良好之同時效度。在背景變項部分，結果發現國中女生的感恩 表現優於男生；有宗教信仰的國中生感恩表現優於無宗教信仰者。

The purpose of this study was to develop and construct validity of the ”Inventory of Adolescents' Gratitude” that included three subscales: a sense of abundance, simple appreciation and appreciation for others. First, three factor were derived from the final 24-item through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, and reliability analysis via 237 participants by using purposive sampling in the pretest. Then, the researchers used another 1,206 participants by using stratified convenience sampling method to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and criterion-related validity. Results indicated that the inventory's construct validity and reliability are acceptable. The Cronbach's α was from .80 to .83, and test-retest reliability coefficient was from .82 to .83. The study also employed Children's Optimism-Pessimism Inventory and BYI-II, which were criterions. The results of concurrent validity revealed good. In the background variables, it was shown that girls outperformed boys on gratitude; moreover, the students who have religious belief outperformed the ones who don't.

1. 吳相儀、林耀南、陳學志、邱發忠、徐芝君(2008)。樂觀就不悲觀嗎？樂觀與悲觀的雙向度理論驗證及量表的發展。測驗學刊，55(3)，559-589。
   連結：
2. 吳相儀、陳學志、邱發忠、徐芝君、許褘芳(2008)。樂觀訓練課程對國小高年級學童樂觀信念之影響研究。師大學報，53，193-221。
   連結：
3. 林志哲、葉玉珠(2011)。大學生感恩量表之發展。測驗學刊，專刊：正向心理特質的測量，147-178。
   連結：
4. Jöreskog, K.,&Sörbom, D. (2001). The student edition of LISREL 8.51 forWindows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
5. Algoe, S. B.,Haidt, J.,Gable, S. L.(2008).Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life.Emotion,8,425-429.
6. Bagozzi, R. P.,Yi, Y.(1988).On the evaluation of structural equation models.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,16,74-94.
7. Becker, J. A.,Smenner, P. C.(1986).The spontaneous use of thank you by preschoolers as a function of sex, socioeconomic status, and listener status.Language in Society,15,537-546.
8. Emmons, R. A.(2007).Thanks! How the new science of gratitude can make you happier.Boston, MA:Houghton-Mifflin.
9. Emmons, R. A.(Ed.),McCullough, M. E.(Ed.)(2004).The psychology of gratitude.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
10. Emmons, R. A.,Crumpler, C. A.(2000).Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,19,56-69.
11. Emmons, R. A.,McCullough, M. E.(2003).Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84,377-389.
12. Emmons, R. A.,McCullough, M. E.(2004).The psychology of gratitude.NewYork, NY:Oxford University Press.
13. Froh, J. J.,Fan, J.,Emmons, R. A.,Bono, G.,Huebner, E. S.,Watkins, P.(2011).Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents.Psychological Assessment,23,311-324.
14. Froh, J. J.,Miller, D. N.,Snyder, S.(2007).Gratitude in children and adolescents: Development, assessment, and school-based intervention.School Psychology Forum,2,1-13.
15. Gilman, R.(Ed.),Huebner, E. S.(Ed.),Furlong, M.(Ed.)(2009).Handbook of positive psychology in schools.New York, NY:Routledge.
16. Gordon, A. K.,Musher-Eizenman, D. R.,Holub, S. C.,Dalrymple, J.(2004).What are children thankful for? An archival analysis of gratitude before and after the attacks of September 11.Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,25(5),541-553.
17. Gorsuch, R. L.(1983).Factor analysis: An attributional analysis.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18. Hair, J. F.,Anderson, R. E.,Tatham R. L.,Black,W. C.(1998).Multivariate data analysis.UK:Prentice-Hall International.
19. Kohlberg, L.(1984).The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages.San Francisco, CA:Harper & Row.
20. Lazarus, R. S.,Lazarus, B. N.(1994).Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
21. Lopez, S. J.(Ed.)(2008).Positive psychology: Exploring the best in people.Westport, CT:Greenwood Press.
22. McCullough, M. E.,Emmons, R. A.,Tsang, J.-A.(2002).The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82,112-127.
23. McCullough, M. E.,Kilpatrick, S. D.,Emmons, R. A.,Larson, D. B.(2001).Is gratitude a moral affect.Psychological Bulletin,127,249-266.
24. McCullough, M. E.,Tsang, J.-A.,Emmons, R. A.(2004).Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: Links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86,295-309.
25. Parsons, T.,Bales, R. F.(1955).Family socialization and interaction process.Glencoe, IL:The Free Press.
26. Peterson, C.,Seligman, M. E. P.(2004).Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
27. Seligman, M. E. P.(2002).Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment.New York, NY:The Free Press.
28. Snyder, R.(Ed.),Lopez, S.(Ed.)(2009).The Oxford handbook of positive psychology.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
29. Tsang, J.-A.(2006).Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude.Cognition and Emotion,20,138-148.
30. Ventimiglia, J. C.(1982).Sex roles and chivalry: Some conditions of gratitude to altruism.Sex Roles,8(11),1107-1122.
31. Watkins, P. C.,Grimm, D. L.,Kolts, R. L.(2003).Counting your blessings: Positive memories among grateful persons.Current Psychology,Spring 2004,52-67.
32. Watkins, P. C.,Woodward, K.,Stone, T.,Kolts, R. L.(2003).Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude and its relationship with subjective well-being.Social Behavior and Personality,31,431-452.
33. Weiner, B.(1985).An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.Psychological Review,92,548-573.
34. 任現品(2005)。略論儒家文化的感恩意識。孔子研究，1，93-99。
35. 林莉芳(2006)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。屏東市，國立屏東教育大學教育心理與輔導學系。
36. 紀佩妤(2009)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。臺北市，國立臺北教育大學心理與諮商學系。
37. 高麗雯(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。臺北市，國立政治大學心理學研究所。
38. 國語字典編輯委員會(2003)。新編國語字典。臺北市:德利。
39. 許美娟(2011)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。新竹市，私立玄奘大學應用心理學系。
40. 遲嘯川、趙錫如(2001)。辭海。臺北市:華文網。

1. 賴思妤,陳李綢,何函儒(2022)。中學生正向學習量表之發展研究。教育心理學報，54(1)，155-178。
2. 謝碧玲、劉政宏、廖思涵、陳冠羽、吳相儀(2018)。「新編青少年強項量表」之編製與驗證。測驗學刊，65(4)，367-399。
3. 楊錦登(2020)。正向情緒與心理幸福感關係之研究。通識教育實踐與研究，28，71-132。
4. 鄭芬蘭(2014)。人際和諧活動方案對國小學童群己關係之實驗研究。高雄師大學報：教育與社會科學類，37，73-95。
5. (2024)。品德教育涉及的「敬畏」初探：又敬又畏？。應用倫理評論，76，77-103。