克普勒之前的天文思想演變：哥白尼與第谷

The Evolution of Astronomical Thought before Kepler: Copernicus and Tycho Brahe

10.6464/TJSSTM.200710.0111

戴東源(Dong-Yuan Tai)

天文學史 ； 科學哲學 ； 理論版本 ； 哥白尼 ； 第谷 ； history of astronomy ； philosophy of science ； theory version ； Copernicus ； Tycho

科技醫療與社會

5期（2007 / 10 / 01）

111 - 182

繁體中文

十七世紀前後的天文學革命是科學史和科學哲學研究的重要案例。本文目的是以理論版本論，追蹤並分析克普勒以前西方天文思想的演變，尤其是哥白尼、第谷和克普勒的思想。「理論版本」與「典範」、「研究綱領」同樣是一種說明科學發展的哲學觀念，最大不同在於，理論版本的說明能更深入分析科學家個人的見解，凸顯科學家與科學家之間學說上傳承與修改的關係，呈現科學發展上的細微變化。本文先交代為何能以科學哲學觀點說明科學史及選用理論版本論的理由，再勾勒克普勒之前天文學問題的歷史背景，然後利用理論版本論分析哥白尼、第谷和克普勒的思想，描繪其演變路徑，展示他們的觀點之間的繼承和對立關係。

This paper traces the evolutionary path of western astronomical thoughts from Copernicus to Kepler by utilizing the notion of theory version. Like the paradigm theory and research programme methodology, the theory of theory version is also a philosophical one, but it has a view of its own. Unlike other philosophical theories emphasizing why and how a grand scientific theory (a paradigm or a research programme) was accepted or rejected, theory version focuses on each individual scientist's own knowledge-claims and shows how these claims come to be accepted or rejected by successors. A genealogical path thus can be reconstructed by showing the acceptances and rejections of knowledge-claims. I first account for the relation between history and the philosophy of science in this paper. Next, I outline the historical background of astronomical problems before Kepler. Then I use the philosophical theory of theory version to analyze Copernicus', Tycho Brahe's, and Kepler's astronomical thoughts and reveal the complex relationships among them, addressing themes of both inheritance and conflict.

1. Shapley, Harlow ed. (1929). A Source Book in Astronomy, New York: McGraw-Hill
2. Rosen, Edward ed. & trans. (1939). Three Copernican Treatises: the Commentariolus of Copernicus, the Letter against Werner, the Narratio Prima of Rheticus. New York: Columbia university press.
3. Copernicus, Nicolaus (1939). The Commentariolus of Copernicus and the Letter against Werner, translated with introduction and notes by Edward Rosen. New York: Columbia university press
4. Archimedes,Heath, Thomas Little(ed.)(2002).The Works of Archimedes.New York:Dover Publications.
5. Aristotle,Barnes, Jonathan(ed.)(1984).The Complete Work of Aristotle.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
6. Barnes, Barry,Bloor, David,Henry, John(1996).Scientific Knowledge: A Sociological Analysis.London:The Athlone Press.
7. Baumgardt, Carola(ed.)(1952).Johannes Kepler: Life and Letters.New York:Philosophical Library.
8. Berry, Arthur(1961).A Short History of Astronomy: from Earliest Times through the Nineteenth Century.New York:Dover.
9. Biagioli, Mario(1993).Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
10. Burtt, Edwin Arthur(1999).The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science.New York:Prometheus Books.
11. Butterfield, Herbert(1958).The Origins of Modern Science: 1300-1800.New York:Macmillan.
12. Caspar, Max,Hellman, C. Doris(ed. Trans.)(1993).Kepler.New York:Dover Publications.
13. Chen, R.-L.(2000).Theory Version Instead of Articulations of a Paradigm.Studies in History and Philosophy of Science,31A(3),449-471.
14. Christanson, John Robert(2000).On Tycho's Island: Tycho Brahe and His Assistants, 1570-1601.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
15. Cohen, I. Bernard(1985).Revolution in Science.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
16. Copernicus, Nicolaus,Rosen, Edward(trans. Comm.)(1992).On the Revolutions/Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
17. Crowe, Michael J.(1990).Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution.New York:Dover.
18. Dicks, D. R.(1985).Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle.Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
19. Dreyer, John Louis Emil(1953).A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler.New York:Dover Publications.
20. Dreyer, John Louis Emil(2004).Tycho Brahe: A Picture of Scientific Life and Work in the Sixteenth Century.Kessinger Publishing.
21. Duhem, Pierre,Doland, E.(trans.),Maschler, C.(trans.)(1969).To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
22. Evans, James(1998).The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
23. Ferguson, Kitty(2002).Tycho & Kepler: the Unlikely Partnership that Forever Changed Our Understanding of the Heavens.New York:Walker & Co..
24. Field, Judith V.(1988).Kepler's Geometrical Cosmology.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
25. Finocchiaro, Maurice A.(ed. Trans.)(1989).The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History.Berkeley:University of California Press.
26. Gingerich, Owen(1993).The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler.New York:American Institute of Physics.
27. Gingerich, Owen(2002).The Trouble with Ptolemy.Isis,93,70-77.
28. Gingerich, Owen(1980).Was Ptolemy a Fraud?.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,21,253-266.
29. Gingerich, Owen(2004).The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus.New York:Walker & Company.
30. Gingerich, Owen,MacLachlan, James(2005).Nicolaus Copernicus: Making the Earth a Planet.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
31. Goldstein, Bernard R.(1997).Saving the Phenomena: The Background to Ptolemy's Planetary Theory.Journal for the History of Astronomy,28,1-12.
32. Grant, Edward(1977).Physical Science in the Middle Ages.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
33. Gutting, Gary(1980).Paradigms and Revolutions.Indiana:University Notre Dame Press.
34. Heath, Thomas Little(1993).Aristarchus of Samos: the Ancient Copernicus. A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Size and Distances of the Sun and Moon. A New Greek Text with Translation and Notes.Bristol:Thoemmes.
35. Hoskin, Michael(ed.)(1997).The Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
36. Howson, Colin(1976).Method and Appraisal in the Physical Science.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
37. Jardine, Nicholas(1984).The Birth of History and Philosophy of Science: Kepler's A Defence of Tycho Against Ursus, with Essays on Its Provenance and Significance.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
38. Kant, Immanuel,Carus, Paul(trans.)(1977).Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics.Indianapolis:Hackett.
39. Kepler, Johannes,Donahue, William H.(trans.)(1992).New Astronomy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
40. Kepler, Johannes,Duncan, A. M.(trans.)(1981).The Secret of the Universe/Mysterium Cosmographicum.New York:Abaris Books.
41. Kepler, Johannes,Jardine, N.(trans.)(1984).A Defence of Tycho Against Ursus.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
42. Koestler, Arthur(1959).The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe.London:Penguin Books.
43. Koyré, Alexandre,Maddison, R. E. W.(trans.)(1973).The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus, Kepler, Borelli.Paris:Hermann.
44. Koyré, Alexandre,Mephan, J.(trans.)(1978).Galileo Studies.New Jersey:Humanities Press.
45. Kuhn, Thomas(1977).The Essential Tension.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
46. Kuhn, Thomas(1977).The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought.Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
47. Kuhn, Thomas,Conant, James(ed.),Haugeland, John(ed.)(2000).The Road since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970-1993, with an Autobiographical Interview.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
48. Lakatos, Imre,Worrall, J.(ed.),Gurrie, G.(ed.)(1978).The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
49. Lattis, James M.(1994).Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
50. Lindberg, David(1992).The Beginnings of Western Science.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
51. Lloyd, G. E. R.(1987).The Revolutions of Wisdom: Studies in the Claims and Practice of Ancient Greek Science.Berkeley:University of California Press.
52. Lloyd, G. E. R.(1973).Greek Science after Aristotle.New York:Norton & Company.
53. Martens, Rhonda(2000).Kepler's Philosophy and the New Astronomy.Princeton, N. J.:Princeton University Press.
54. McCluskey, Stephen(1997).Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
55. Mosely, Adam(2007).Bearing the Heavens: Tycho Brahe and the Astronomical Community of the Late Sixteenth Century.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
56. Neugebauer, Otto(1969).The Exact Sciences in Antiquity.New York:Dover.
57. Newton, Robert R.(1977).The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
58. Plato,Hamilton, Edith(ed.),Cairns, Huntington(ed.)(1961).The Collected Dialogues of Plato.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
59. Rosen, Edward(1984).Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution.Malabar:Krieger.
60. Rosen, Edward(1986).Three Imperial Mathematicians: Kepler Trapped between Tycho Brahe and Ursus.New York:Abaris Books.
61. Rosen, Edward,Hilfstein, Erna(ed.)(1995).Copernicus and His Successor.London:The Hambledon Press.
62. Saliba, George(1994).A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam.New York:New York University Press.
63. Shapin, Steven(1996).The Scientific Revolution.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
64. Stephenson, Bruce(1994).The Music of the Heavens: Kepler's Harmonic Astronomy.Princeton, N. J.:Princeton University Press.
65. Stephenson, Bruce(1994).Kepler's Physical Astronomy.Princeton University Press.
66. Thoren, Victor E.(1990).The Lord of Uraniborg: A Biography of Tycho Brahe.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
67. Voelkel, James R.(2001).The Composition of Kepler's Astronomia Nova.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
68. Voelkel, James R.(1999).Johannes Kepler and the New Astronomy.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
69. Wade, Nicholas(1977).Scandal in the Heavens: Renowned Astronomer Accused of Fraud.Science,198,707-709.
70. Wallis, Charles Glenn(trans.)(1952).Great Books of the Western World.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
71. Westfall, Richard S.(1977).The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanisms and Mechanics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
72. Westman, Robert(1980).The Astronomer's Role in the Sixteenth Century: A Preliminary Study.History of Science,18,105-147.
73. Whitehead, Alfred North(1953).Science and the Modern World.New York:The Macmillan.
74. 林正弘(1991)。伽利略‧波柏‧科學說明。台北:東大圖書公司。
75. 柏拉圖、謝文郁譯(2005)。蒂邁歐篇。上海:世紀出版集團。
76. 哥白尼、Rosen, Edward英譯、葉式輝中譯、易照華校(2005)。天體運行論。西安:陝西人民出版社。
77. 莫頓、魯旭東譯(2004)。科學社會學散憶。北京:商務。
78. 陳瑞麟(2004)。科學理論版本的結構與發展。台北:台大出版中心。
79. 霍爾頓、劉鵬譯(2006)。愛因斯坦、歷史與其他激情。南京:南京大學出版社。
80. 戴東源(2005)。博士論文(博士論文)。台中，東海大學哲學所。

1. 陳瑞麟(2019)。一個另類的STS方法論。科技醫療與社會，28，9-53。
2. 戴東源(2012)。伽利略為何疏遠克普勒？。長庚人文社會學報，5(2)，353-388。
3. 戴東源(2012)。原因和本質：克普勒與伽利略科學思想的形上學差異。科技、醫療與社會，15，117-186。
4. 張國暉(2011)。對技術的社會建構論之挑戰：建構東亞技術研究主體性的一個契機。科技、醫療與社會，13，171-222。