WISC-III順序與逆序記憶廣度指標之建構分析與應用

Construction, Reliability and Practical Utility of the WISC-III Forward and Backward Digit Span

10.29882/JTNUE.200410.0002

陳心怡(Hsin-Yi Chen)；洪儷瑜(Li-Yu Hung)

順序數字記憶廣度 ； 逆序數字記憶廣度 ； 魏氏兒童智力量表第三版 ； 台灣常模 ； 基本率 ； Digit Span Forward ； Digit Span Backward ； WISC-III ； Taiwan Norm ； Base Rate

師大學報：教育類

49卷2期（2004 / 10 / 01）

19 - 41

繁體中文

本研究旨在分析魏氏兒童智力量表第三版（Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children，the 3rd edition，WISC-III）中，順序與逆序數字記憶廣度二者所測認知能力的內涵，並分析信度且建立常模與差異值基本率以供實務應用。本研究以WISC-III 1，100位6至16歲台灣常模樣本為對象。主要發現是：（1）順序與逆序數字記憶廣度的折半信度均在0.80上下，具相當穩定性；（2）順逆序廣度的g因素負荷量均在0.60左右，與WISC-III各智商及分測驗分數均有顯著正相關，且都與算數、常識、類同、與圖形設計等分測驗有較高關聯；（3）逆序廣度和圖形設計、類同二分測驗的相關顯著高於順序廣度與此二分測驗的相關，逆序廣度可能比順序廣度涉及較多的訊息轉換、認知彈性或視覺空間審視能力；（4）由半淨相關統計結果顯示，排除順序廣度解釋力後，逆序廣度的殘差與WISC-III各分數仍有顯著正相關，且具0.30以上的g因素負荷量；（5）順逆序量表分數差異3分以上便值得注意，4分以上更有深入探討的需要；（6）台灣兒童順逆序廣度的相關比國外研究發現為高，外國受試在二者間所呈現的差異較大。現有文獻對於順逆序記憶廣度差異的內涵，以及國內外發現異同的研究偏少，值得進一步探討。文中也說明研究限制，並對後續研究提出建議。

The purpose of this study was to examine the construction and reliability of forward and backward digit span, and to establish adequate norms and base rates for practical utility. The sample used was the WISC-III Taiwan standardization sample; a total of 1,100 children, aged 6 to 16, were included in this study. The major findings were as follows: (1) Split-half reliabilities for forward and backward digit span are both around 0.80. (2) Both forward and backward digit span have fair g loadings, roughly around 0.60. Also, both indices show significant correlations with all WISC-III IQ and subtest scaled scores. The strongest correlation is with Arithmetic, Information, Block Design and Similarities subtests. (3) Compared to forward digit span, backward digit span has a significantly higher correlation with Block Design and Similarities subtests. (4) Based on semi-partial correlation analysis, it is clear that after eliminating the effect of forward digit span, the backward digit span residual still shows a higher than 0.30 g loading, which also correlates significantly with all WISC-III scores;. (5) According to the base rate information, a 3-point or larger scaled score difference deserves our attention; a difference of more than 4 points is quite rare for normal Taiwanese kids. (6) The correlation between forward and backward span found in this study is higher than that reported in foreign studies. Both the limitations of this research and suggestions for future research are discussed.

1. Anders, T. R.,Lillyquist, T. D.(1971).Retrival time in forward and backward recall..Psychonomic Science,22
2. Baddeley, A. D.(1992).Working memory.Science,,255
3. Baddeley, A. D.,Hitch, G. J.(1974).The psychology of learning and motivation.
4. Baddeley, A. D.,Hitch, G. J.(1994).Developments in the concept of working memory..Neuropsychology,8
5. Banken, J. A.(1985).Clinical utility of considering digit forward and digit backward as separate components of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised..ournal of Clinical Psychology,41(5)
6. Benton, A. L.,Eslinger, P.J.,Damasio, A. R.(1981).Normative observation on neuropsychological test performance in old age.Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology,3(1)
7. Black, F. W.(1983).Digit repetition in learning-disabled children.Journal of Clinical Psychology,39
8. Black, F. W.(1986).Neuroanatomic and neuropsychologic cirrelates of digit span performance by brain-damaged adults..Perceptual and Motor Skills,63
9. Chen, C.,Stevenson, H. W.(1988).Cross-linguistic differences in digit span of preschool children..Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,46
10. Chen, H.,Zhu, J.,Chen, Y(2000).the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
11. Cherry, B. J.,Buckwalter, J. G.,Henderson, V. W.(1996).Memory span procedures in Alzheimer's Disease.Neuropsychology,10(2)
12. Conrad, R.(1965).Order error in immediate recall of sequences.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,4
13. Costa, L. D.(1975).The relation of visuospatial dysfunction to digit span performance in patients with cerebral lesions.Cortex,11
14. Das, J. P.,Kirby, J.,Jarman, R. F.(1975).Simultaneous and successive syntheses: An alternative model for cognitive abilities.Psychological Bulletin,82
15. Das, J. P.,Kirby, J.,Jarman, R. F.(1979).Simultaneous and successive cognitive processes..
16. Das, J. P.,Molloy, G. N.(1975).Varieties of simultaneous and successive processing in children.Journal of Educational Psychology,67
17. De Renzi, E.,Nichelli, P.(1975).Verbal and norverbal short-term memoryimpairment following hemispheric damage.Cortex,11
18. Dunn, G.,Gaudia, L.,Lowenherz, J.,Barnes, M.(1990).Effects of reversing digits forward and digits backward and strategy use on digit span performance.Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment,8
19. Gardner, R. A.(1981).Digit forward and digit backward as two separate tests: Normative data on 1567 children.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,10
20. Glasser, A. J.,Zimmerman, I. L.(1967).Clinical interpretation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
21. Goodglass, H.,Kaplan, E.(1979).Handbook of behavioral neurobiology.
22. Griffin, P. T.,Heffernan, A.(1983).Digit span forward and backward: separate and unequal components of the WAIS digit span..Perceptual and Motor Skills,56
23. Hatano, G., & Osawa, K.(1983).Digit memory of grand experts in abacus-derived mental calculation.Cognition,15
24. Hoosain, R.(1984).Lateralization of bilingual digit span functions.Perceptual and Motor Skills,58
25. Ingram, F.(1995).Frequency and correlates of digit span backwards exceeding digit span forwards in community-dwelling older adults..Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology,8(4)
26. Isaacs, E. B.,Vargha-Khadem Faraneh(1989).Differential course of development of spatial and verbal memory span: A normative study..British Journal of Developmental Psychology,7
27. Jensen, A. R.(1970).International review of mental retardation(Vol.4).
28. Jensen, A. R.(1970).On Intelligence.
29. Jensen, A. R.(1969).How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement?.Harvard Educational Review,39
30. Jensen, A. R.,Figueroa, R.A.(1975).Forward and backward digit span interaction with race and IQ: Predictions from Jensen's theory.Journal of Educational Psychology,67(6)
31. Kanarek, R. B.,Swinney, D.(1990).Effects of food snacks on cognitive performance in male college students.Appetite,14
32. Kaplan, E.,Fein, D.,Kramer, J.,Delis, D. C.,Morris, R.(1999).WAIS-III as a Process Instrument(WISC-III PI) Manual.
33. Kaplan, E.,Fein, D.,Morris, R.,Delis, D. C.(1991).WAIS-R as a Neuropsychological Instrument(WAIS-R NI).
34. Kaufman, A. S.,Lichtenberger, E. O.(1999).Essentials of WAIS-III assessment.
35. Larrabee, G. J.,Kane, R. L.(1986).Reversed digit repetition involves visual and verbal processes..International Journal of Neuroscience,30
36. Lezak, M. D.(1995).Neuropsychological assessment.
37. Light, L. L.,Anderson, P. A.(1985).Working memory capacity, age, and memory for discourse..Journal of Gerontology,40(6)
38. Luria, A. R.(1973).Harmondsworth.
39. Luria, A. R.(1966).Human brain and psychological processes.
40. Luria, A. R.(1966).Higher cortical functions in man..
41. McFie, J.(1969).Handbook of Clinical Neurology.
42. Miller, G. A.(1956).The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.The Psychological Review,63
43. Mishra, S. P.,Ferguson, B. A.,King, P. V.(1985).Research with the Wechsler digit span subtest: Implications for assessment.School Psychology Review,14
44. Naglieri, J. A.,Kamphaus, R. W.,Kaufman, A. S.(1983).The Luris-Das simultaneous-successive model applied to the WISC-R.Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment,2
45. Orsini, A.,Fragassi, N. A.,Chiacchio, L.,Falanga, A. M.,Cocchiaro, C.,Grossi, D.(1987).Verbal and spatial memory span in patients with extrapyramidal diseases.Perceptual and Motor skills,,65
46. Powell, D. H.,Hiatt, M. D.(1996).Auditory and visual recall of forward and backward digit spans..Perceptual and Motor Skills,82
47. Ramsay, M. C.,Reynolds, C. R.(1995).Separate Digit Tests: A brief history, a literature review, and a reexamination of the factor structure of the test of memory and learning (TOMAL)..Neuropsychology Review,5(3)
48. Rapaport, D.,Gill, M. M.,Schafer, R.(1968).Diagnostic Psychological Testing.
49. Reynolds, C. R.,Bigler, E. D.(1994).annual meeting of the National Academy of Neuropsychology,.
50. Reynolds, C. R.,Bigler, E. D.(1994).Test of Memory and Learning(TOMAL)..
51. Richardson, J.(1977).Functional relationship between forward and backward digit repetion and a non-verbal analogue.Cortex,13
52. Rudel, R. G.,Denckla, M. B.(1974).Relation of forward and backward digit repetition to neurological impairment in children with learning disabilities.Neuropsychologia,,12
53. Ryan, J. J.,Lopez, S. J.,Paolo, A. M.(1996).Digit span performance of persons 75-96 tears of age: base rates and associations with selected demographic variables.Psychological Assessment,8(3)
54. Sattler, J. M.(2001).Assessment of children: cognitive applications (4th ed.).
55. Schofield, N. J.,Ashman, A. F.(1986).The relationship between digit span and cognitive processing across ability groups.Intelligence,10
56. Spafford, C. S.(1989).Wechsler Digit Span subtest: diagnostic usefulness with dyslexic children.Perceptual and Motor Skills,,69
57. The Psychological Corporation(2002).WAIS-III WMS-III Technical Manual(Updated.).
58. Warschausky, S.,Kewman, D. G.,Selim, A.(1996).Attentional performance of children with trumatic brain injury: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of digit span.Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology,11(2)
59. Wechsler, D.(1997).WAIS-III Administration and Scoring Manual.
60. Wechsler, D.(1981).Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales-Revised(WAIS-R)..
61. Wechsler, D.(1991).Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III).
62. Wechsler, D.(1944).The Measurement of Adult Intelligence(3rd ed.)..
63. Wechsler, D.(2003).WISC-IV Administration and Scoring Manual.
64. Weinberg, J.,Diller, L.,Gerstman, L.,Schulman, P.(1972).Digit Span in right and left hemiplegics.Journal of Clinical Psaychology,28
65. Weintraub, S.,Mesulam, M. M.(1985).Principles of behavioral neurology.
66. Winne, J. F.,Schoonover, S. M.(1976).Diagnostic utility of WISC digits forward and backward..Psychological Reports,39
67. 周台傑(1999)。身心障礙及資賦優異學生鑑定原則鑑定基準說明手冊。
68. 柯華葳、邱上真(2000)。學習障礙學生鑑定與診斷指導手冊。
69. 張蓓莉編(1999)。身心障礙及資賦優異學生鑑定原則鑑定基準說明手冊。
70. 陳榮華(1997)。魏氏兒童智力量表第三版(中文版)指導手冊。

1. 邊立中,鍾錦鈿,陳淑如,陳昱廷,郭淑瑜,林碧珠(2021)。青少年螢幕式坐式行為使用時間與身體活動、心理社會適應與執行功能之相關性。新臺北護理期刊，23(2)，36-50。
2. 劉蕙翎,林儷蓉(2020)。運用桌遊為認知訓練模式以促進中高齡者之工作記憶。健康促進與衛生教育學報，52，87-117。
3. 楊蕙菱,周桂如(2019)。正常與輕度認知功能障礙老人在工作記憶表現之差異性分析研究。新臺北護理期刊，21(1)，21-29。
4. 鄭萱,鄭佳昆,郭怡君(2022)。被忽略的背景環境：不同活動對周邊環境注意程度之影響。造園景觀學報，26(1)，24-38。
5. (2004)。自閉症兒童的WISC-Ⅲ智能組型研究。特殊教育研究學刊，26，127-151。