以增進復原力為目標之BBM模式進行休閒教育之實驗

Leisure Education Experiments to Enhance Resiliency by Using the BBM Model

10.7082/CARGC.200703.0071

莊麗君(Ophelia L. J. Chuang)；許義忠(Yi-Chung Hsu)

休閒教育 ； 復原力 ； 鼓藝 ； 攀岩 ； 共變數分析 ； leisure education ； resiliency ； drum-art ； rock-climbing ； ANCOVA

中華輔導學報

21期（2007 / 03 / 01）

71 - 98

繁體中文

本文之主要目的係介紹以利益為管理導向的休閒遊憩服務模式（Benefits-Based Management of Recreation Services，簡稱BBM），闡述復原力概念及遊憩課程概念架構，包括危險因子、保護因子及復原力，並呈現美國BBM模式研究的歷史、演進及成果等。本文呈現兩個BBM模式設計之遊憩課程，證明「鼓藝課程」能夠增進身處危險環境青少年之獨立性與洞察力兩個復原力，但是「攀岩活動」只能增進獨立性。同時，本文描述兩個實驗全部過程，包括研究工具、樣本抽樣、活動選擇、課程規劃與內容、互動與監控過程及成果評估，並歸納出成功完成BBM模式實驗研究的注意要點，包含遊憩課程設計原則，以及實驗過程操作準則等。最後，本文建議休閒教育研究者可以考慮將BBM遊憩課程概念與作法列入休閒教育的定義與範疇內，並期望能夠早日建構本土化的休閒教育課程與活動設計手冊。文末對後續BBM模式相關研究、休閒教育及輔導諮商領域提出一些啟示與建議。

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a recreational service model, the benefits-based management (BBM), as well as to introduce its concept, theoretical framework, application, procedures, and its implications for leisure education and counseling fields. This paper presented two BBM experiments for leisure education. The first was on the effects of a traditional drum art program in risk youth. The second was on the effects of a rock-climbing program in aboriginal youth. The results indicated that the first program could enhance adolescents' resiliency, independence and insight, while the second program enhances independence. The present study proposed ways to enhance validity and reliability of experimental studies, including specific program design guidelines and experimental procedures. Furthermore, this study suggested that future researchers should encompass the BBM model to expand the scope of leisure education studies, and urged the emergence of establishing Taiwan BBM training manual through inter-disciplinary collaboration. Finally, several implications were presented and discussed for future research, leisure education as well as counseling fields.

1. 吳忠宏、范莉雯、江宜珍(2003)。以九年一貫課程為架構之休閒教育模式與內容。戶外遊憩研究，16(1)，1-23。
   連結：
2. 張孝銘、周宏室(2003)。大學院校體育教師課程實施休閒教育目標認知之研究。大專體育學刊，5(1)，1-10。
   連結：
3. 張樑治、陳朝圳、蔡志堅(2004)。勝任感與自我決定感：促進老人遊憩體驗滿意的主要因素。戶外遊憩研究，17(3)，37-50。
   連結：
4. 莊麗君、許義忠(2003)。傳統鼓藝課程對青少年的效益：以利益為管理導向模式之實驗。戶外遊憩研究，16(2)，69-94。
   連結：
5. 劉子利(2001)。休閒教育的意義、內涵、功能及其實施。戶外遊憩研究，14(1)，33-53。
   連結：
6. 鍾文彬(2004)。從九年一貫談休閒教育與輔導的結合：以突破休閒冒險性活動為例。大專體育，73，89-94。
   連結：
7. Allen, L. R.,Harwell, R.,Stevens, B.(1996).Benefits-based management activity planning model for youth in at-risk environments.Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,14(3),10-19.
8. Allen, L. R.,Harwell, R.,Stevens, B.,Hurtes, K..BBP demonstration projects executive summary.
9. Allen, L. R.,Harwell, R.,Stevens, B.,Hurtes, K.(1998).Bend its-based management of recreation services: Training manual.Ashburn, VA:The National Recreation Foundation and The National Recreation and Park Association.
10. Allen, L. R.,Harwell, R.,Stevens, B.,Hurtes, K..BBP demonstration projects executive summary.
11. Allen, L. R.,Harwell, R.,Stevens, B.,Hurtes, K.(1998).Benefits-based management of recreation services: Training manual.
12. Allen, L. R.,Hurtes, K.,Stevens, B.(1999).Making an impact.Parks & Recreation,34(11),68-77.
13. Allen, L. R.,Hurtes, K.,Stevens, B.(1999).Making an impact.Parks & Recreation,34(11),77.
14. Allen, L. R.,McGovern, T. D.(1997).BBM: It`s working.Parks & Recreation,32(8),48-55.
15. Allen, L. R.,McGovern, T. D.(1997).BBM: It's working.Parks & Recreation,32(8),48-55.
16. Austin, D. R.,Crawford, M. E.(1996).Therapeutic recreation: An introduction.Boston:Allyn & Bacon.
17. Austin, D. R.,Crawford, M. E.(1996).Therapeutic recreation: An introduction.Boston:Allyn & Bacon.
18. Benard, B.(1993).Fostering resilience in kids.Educational Leadership,51(3),44-48.
19. Bloland, P. A.(1987).Leisure as a campus resource for fostering students.Journal of Counseling and Development,65,291-294.
20. Carnegie Corporation of New York(1992).A matter of time: Risk and opportunities in the nonschool hours.New York:Carnegie Corporation.
21. Carnegie Corporation of New York(1992).A matter of time: Risk and opportunities in the nonschool hours.
22. Danish, S. J.,M. Gals,M. Messmer,S. Ball-Rokeach (Eds.)(2002).Paradoxes of youth and sport.Albany, NY:State University of New York Press.
23. Danish, S. J.,M. Gatz, M. Messmer,S. Ball-Rokeach(2002).Teaching life skills through sport.Paradoxes of youth and sport.
24. Dattilo, J.,Murphy, W. D.(1991).Leisure education program planning: A systematic approach.State College, PA:Venture Publishing, Inc.
25. Dattilo, J.,Murphy, W. D.(1991).Leisure education program planning: A systematic approach.
26. Driver, B. L.,Brown, P. J.,Peterson, G. L.(1991).Benefits of leisure.State College, PA:Venture Publishing.
27. Driver, B. L.,Brown, P. J.,Peterson, G. L.(1991).Benefits of leisure.
28. Ewert, A.,Hollenhorst, S.(1989).Testing the adventure model: Empirical support for a model of risk recreation participation.Journal of Leisure Research,21,139.
29. Garmezy, N.(1993).Children in poverty: Resilience despite the risk.Psychiatry,56,127-136.
30. Gass, M. A.(1991).Enhancing the metaphor development in adventure therapy programs.Journal of Experiential Education,14(2),5-13.
31. Gass, M. A.(1993).Adventure therapy: Therapeutic applications of adventure programming.Dubuque, IA:Kendall & Hunt Publishing Company.
32. Gass, M. A.,M. A. Gass(1993).The evolution of processing adventure therapy experiences.Adventure therapy: Therapeutic applications of adventure programming.
33. Green, G. T.,Kleiber, D. A.,Tarrant, M. A.(2000).The effect of an adventure-based recreation program on development of resiliency in low income minority youth.Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,18(3),76-97.
34. Haggerty, R. T.,Sherrod, L. R.,Garmezy, N.,Rutter, M.(1996).Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Process, mechanisms, and interventions.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
35. Haggerty, R. T.,Sherrod, L. R.,Garmezy, N.,Rutter, M. (Eds.)(1996).Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Process, mechanisms, and interventions.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
36. Jessor, R.(1991).Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action.Journal of Adolescent Health,12,597-605.
37. Kleiber D. A.,Richards, W. H.,M. Wade (Ed.)(1985).Constraints on leisure.Springfield, IL:Charles C. Thomas.
38. Kleiber, D. A.,Richards, W. H.,M. Wade(1985).Leisure and recreation in adolescence: Limitation and potential.Constraints on leisure.
39. Krovetz, M. L.(1999).Fostering resiliency: Expecting all students to use their minds and hearts well.Thousand Oaks, CA:Corwin Press Inc.
40. Krovetz, M. L.(1999).Fostering resiliency: Expecting all students to use their minds and hearts well.
41. Larson, R.,Kleiber, D. A.(1993).Structured leisure as a context for the development of attention during adolescence.Society and Leisure,16(1),77-98.
42. Lee, M. E.,Driver, B. L.,J. Aley,W. R. Burch, B. Conover,D. Field(1999).Benefits-based management: A new paradigm for managing amenity resources.Ecosystem management: Adaptive strategies for natural resources organization in 21st century,143-154.
43. Lee, M. E.,Driver, B. L.,J. Aley,W. R. Burch,B. Conover,D. Field (Eds.)(1999).Ecosystem management: Adaptive strategies for natural resources organization in 21st century.Philadelphia:Taylor & Francis.
44. Lerner, R. M.(1995).American`s youth in crisis: Challenges and options for programs and policies.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
45. Lerner, R. M.(1995).American's youth in crisis: Challenges and options for programs and policies.
46. Mannell, R. C.,Kleiber, D. A.(1997).A social psychology of leisure.
47. Mannell, R. C.,Kleiber, D. A.(1997).A social psychology of leisure.State College, PA:Venture Publishing.
48. Masten, A. S.,Garmezy, N. B.,B. Lahey,A. E. Kazkin(1985).Risk, vulnerability, and protective factors in development psycpathology.Advances in clinical child psychology,1-52.
49. McMillan, J. H.,Reed, D. F.(1994).At-risk students and resiliency: Factors contributing to academic success.Clearing House,22,137-140.
50. Peterson, C. A.,Gunn, S. L.(1984).Therapeutic recreation pro gram design.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
51. Peterson, C. A.,Gunn, S. L.(1984).Therapeutic recreation program design.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
52. Rutter, M.(1987).Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,57,316-331.
53. Rutter, M.,J. Role, A.,Masten, D. Cached, K. H. Nuechterlein,S. Weintraub(1990).Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms.Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology,181-214.
54. Warschaw, T. A.,Barlow, D.(1995).Resiliency: Hair to bounce hack faster, stranger, smarter.New York:Master Media Ltd.
55. Warschaw, T. A.,Barlow, D.(1995).Resiliency: How to bounce back faster, stronger, smarter.
56. Werner, D.,Smith, R. S.(1992).Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood.
57. Werner, D.,Smith, R. S.(1992).Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
58. Werner, E. E.,Bierman, J. M.,French, F. E.(1971).The children of Kauai.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.
59. Werner, E. E.,Smith, R. S.(1977).Kauai`s children come of age.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.
60. Werner, E. E.,Smith, R. S.(1982).Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth.New York:McGraw-Hill.
61. Werner, E. E.,Smith, R. S.(1977).Kauai's children come of age.
62. Werner, E. E.,Smith, R. S.(1982).Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth.New York:MeGraw-Hill.
63. Witt, P. A.,Crompton, J. L.(1997).The protective factors framework: A key to programming for benefits and evaluating for results.Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,15(3),1-18.
64. Witt, P. A.,Crompton, J. L.(1996).Recreation programs that work for at-risk youth: The challenge of shaping the future.State College, PA:Venture Publishing.
65. Witt, P. A.,Crompton, J. L.(1996).Recreation programs that work for at-risk youth: The challenge of shaping the future.
66. Wolin, S. J.,Wolin, S.(1993).The resilient self: How survivors of troubled families rise about adversity.New York:Villard Books.
67. 王建堯(2001)。九年一貫課程中「休閒教育」的探討。台灣教育，602，28-32。
68. 王建堯(2001)。九年一貫課程中休閒教育的探討。台灣教育，602，28-32。
69. 江玉卉(2003)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。台北，國立台灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系碩士論文。
70. 余嬪(2000)。休閒教育的實施與發展。大葉學報，9(2)，1-13。
71. 余嬪(1997)。提高全民休閒素養，由加強休閒教育開始。教育研究雙月刊，55，6-9。
72. 吳忠宏、范莉雯、江宜珍(2001)。淺談休閒教育之定義、模式內容與活動規劃。國教輔導，41(2)，44-51。
73. 呂建政(1996)。倡導休閒教育與輔導，健全青少年身心發展。測驗與輔導，137，2818-2821。
74. 呂建政(1999)。休閒教育的課程內涵與實施。公民訓育學報，8，181-196。
75. 呂建政(1994)。開展休閒教育的幾個課題。訓育研究，33(2)，21-28。
76. 宋幸蕙(2000)。台灣地區國民中學教師對休閒教育課程期望之研究。公民訓育學報，9，337-365。
77. 林紀玲、莊慶棋、吳金珠(2001)。大專休閒教育與休閒運動相關性之初探。大仁學報，20，209-218。
78. 洪煌佳(2002)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。台北，國立台灣師範大學運動與休閒管理研究所碩士論文。
79. 洪煌佳(2002)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。台北，國立台灣師範大學運動與休閒管理研究所。
80. 洪榮照(1995)。特殊學校、教養機構、休閒教育及障礙學生休閒活動之探索。台中師院學報，9，27-60。
81. 洪榮照(1997)。啟智班學生休閒生活與休閒教育之研究。台中師院學報，11，511-578。
82. 洪榮照(1997)。啓智班學生休閒生活與休閒教育之研究。台中師院學報，11，511-578。
83. 高俊雄(1999)。運動員諮商的新選擇：休閒教育。大專體育，43，17-23。
84. 張樑治(1999)。遊憩活動企劃影響遊憩體驗的研究。國家公園學報，9，97-111。
85. 許義忠、莊麗君(2003)。Paper presented at poster session at 2003 California and Pacific Southwest Recreation and Park Training Conference, Leisure Education and Research Symposium, San Jose, California, USA。Rock climbing program and minority at-risk youth in Taiwan，19-21。
86. 許義忠,莊麗君(2003).Paper presented at poster session at 2003 California and Pacific Southwest Recreation and Park Training Conference, Leisure Education and Research Sympoium.San Jose, California, USA.
87. 陳宣蓉(2003)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。屏東，國立屏東師範學院音樂教育學研究所碩士論文。
88. 陳宣蓉(2003)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。屏東，國立屏東師範學院音樂教育學研究所。
89. 陳漢志(2002)。台灣中部地區老人休閒參與阻礙與休閒教育需求之調查研究。國立教育學院論叢，12(2)，77-89。
90. 陸雅青(2000)。藝術治療團體實務研究：以破碎家庭兒童為例。
91. 陸雅青(2000)。藝術治療團體實務研究：以破碎家庭兒童爲例。台北:五南。
92. 曾慈慧、曾兆良、凌德麟。園藝治療活動對智能障礙者整體發展之研究。
93. 曾慈慧、曾兆良、凌德麟。園藝治療活動對智能障礙者整體發展之研究。
94. 游又嘉(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。彰化，大葉大學休閒事業管理研究所碩士論文。
95. 游又嘉(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。彰化，大葉大學休閒事業管理研究所。
96. 葉源鎰、張偉雄(2003)。智能障礙青少年學生休閒活動與休閒教育之研究。旅遊管理研究，3(1)，43-62。
97. 顏妙桂(1994)。休閒與教育。台灣教育，523，15-17。
98. 顔妙桂(1994)。休閒與教育。台灣教育，523，15-17。

1. 謝智謀(2018)。海外遠征登山課程對受災原住民青少年復原力之影響。體育學報，51(1)，107-125。
2. (2007)。台灣國際觀光旅館業務委外之探索性研究：交易成本與資源基礎觀點。觀光研究學報，13(4)，289-308。
3. (2017)。主編的話─文化脈絡中的危機、轉機與復原力：本土諮商心理學研究的方向、目標與策略。中華輔導與諮商學報，50，1-28。