防禦悲觀者、樂觀者及悲觀者在焦慮及反思策略之差異：高／低任務難度及工具性之調節效果

The Differences among Defensive Pessimist, Optimist, and Pessimist in Anxiety and Reflectivity: Moderating Effects of Task Difficulty and Perceived Instrument

10.7082/CJGC.200909.0239

李介至(Jie-Zhi Lee)；黃孟儒(Menz-Ru Huang)；梁滄郎(Tsang-Lang Liang)

工具知覺 ； 反思策略 ； 任務難度 ； 防禦性悲觀 ； 焦慮 ； anxiety ； defensive pessimist ； perceived instrument ； reflectivity ； task difficulty

中華輔導與諮商學報

26期（2009 / 09 / 01）

239 - 270

繁體中文

本研究目的在考驗防禦悲觀者、樂觀者及悲觀者在焦慮管理及反思策略上差異，並考驗在高／低任務難度及工具性之調節下，防禦悲觀者之積極反思策略是否彰顯。研究對象以120名學生為受試者，隨機分派至高工具／高難度、高工具／低難度、低工具／高難度、低工具／低難度等四種任務組別，經成就測驗後再施測反思策略量表。統計分析採t考驗、變異數分析及共變數分析，並以Cohen's d考驗三組受試者在反思策略的變化效果。研究結果顯示：防禦悲觀者、樂觀者及悲觀者在焦慮及反思策略上之考驗達顯著差異；高工具性任務是促使防禦悲觀者採取反思策略之重要因素；高難度任務並無法彰顯防禦悲觀者使用反思策略之時機。本研究並根據研究結果進行討論及提出建議。

The purpose of this study tested the effect of defensive pessimism on anxiety and reflectivity. Furthermore, this study attempted to test the interaction between perceived instrument and task difficulty on reflectivity. Data were collected from 120 students and randomly assigned to four groups. Statistical significance was tested by t test, two-way ANOVA and ANCOVA. The results of this study were as follows: (1) Defensive pessimist, optimist, and pessimist showed statistical differences on anxiety and reflectivity. (2) High instrument task was an important factor for defensive pessimist using reflectivity. (3) High difficulty task didn't appear effective on the use of reflectivity. Implications for theory, practice and research are discussed.

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