團隊凝聚與社會賦閒對運動團隊影響之探討

Exploring the Effect of Team Cohesion and Social Loafing on Sports Team

10.6214/JSRM.202306_20(1).0001

王聖文(Sheng-Wen Wang)；溫著光(Dru-Kuang Wen)；胡凱揚(Kai-Yang Hu)

團隊合作 ； 社會懈怠 ； 集體效能 ； Teamwork ； Social Loafing ； Collective Efficacy

運動休閒管理學報

20卷1期（2023 / 06 / 01）

1 - 13

繁體中文;英文

本研究的目的是探討與論述在運動團隊之中所存在的向上與向下的兩股力量，分別是向上的團隊凝聚與向下的社會賦閒，一股是團隊成員間具有凝聚彼此朝著共同的目標前進的力量，另一股是成員間存有不願投入、降低合作的賦閒心態；透過文獻分析的方式整理、歸納與詮釋，瞭解這兩股在運動團隊之中的隱含力量是如何產生並且影響團隊，並探討在集體效能中存在著那些影響因子干擾或中介著團隊凝聚及社會賦閒的產生，並使運動團隊能夠1＋1＞2。

The purposes of this study was to explore and describe the two power to control the sports team to lift up or sink down, that were team cohesion and social loafing. Team cohesion was to agglomerate everyone to achieve goal, and social loafing was to slack off and unwilling to pay in work. The method was used interviews, inductive to collect date and literature. That was to explore how to effect of team cohesion and social loafing on sports team, which had the interference factors or mediator factors. Finally, that was to know how could be 1 + 1 > 2.

1. 吳佩茹,卓國雄(2017)。知覺角色模糊和團隊大小對團隊凝聚力之影響。文化體育學刊，24，63-74。
   連結：
2. 吳崇旗,郭癸賓(2015)。冒險教育團隊凝聚力促進方案之執行與成效研究。台大體育學報，28，25-36。
   連結：
3. 汪立筠,廖主民(2009)。以集體努力模式（CEM）探討社會懈怠現象。中華體育季刊，23(1)，73-79。
   連結：
4. 卓國雄,盧俊宏(2003)。集體效能、團隊凝聚力和社會懈怠與拔河成績表現之關係研究。台灣運動心理學報，3，83-96。
   連結：
5. 胡中宜(2011)。學校社會工作食物中的倫理兩難。教育心理學報，42(4)，543-566。
   連結：
6. 胡凱揚,陳堅錐,黃致豪(2012)。不同依賴程度之大專運動選手運動合作態度與團隊凝聚力之研究。嶺東學報，31，37-50。
   連結：
7. 張守中(2008)。團隊凝聚力變化機制與影響因素。人文及社會科學集刊，20(2)，141-172。
   連結：
8. 蔣憶德,陳淑滿,葉志仙(2001)。教練領導行為與團隊凝聚力之相關研究。體育學報，30，195-206。
   連結：
9. 薛堯舜(2015)。大專排球校隊運動承諾與團隊凝聚力之關係研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，14(1)，205-212。
   連結：
10. Burke, S. M.,Carron, A. V.,Shapcott, K. M.(2008).Cohesion in exercise groups: An overview.International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,1(2),107-123.
11. Campbell, W. K.,Goodie, A. S.,Foster, J. D.(2004).Narcissism, confidence, and risk attitude.Journal of Behavioral Decision Marking,17(4),297-311.
12. Carron, A. V.(1982).Cohesiveness in sport group: Interpretations and consideration.Journal of Sport Psychology,4(2),123-138.
13. Carron, A. V.,Hausenblas, H. A.(1998).Group dynamics in sport.Fitness Information Technology.
14. Carron, A.,Bray, S. R.,Eys, M.(2002).Team cohesion and team success in sport.Journal of Sports Sciences,20(2),119-126.
15. Cartwright, D.,Zander, A.(1968).Group dynamics: Research and theory.New York, NY:Harper.
16. Charbonnier, E.,Huguet, P.,Brauer, M.,Monteil, J. M.(1998).Social learning and self-beliefs: People’s collective effort depends on the extent to which they distinguish themselves as better than others.Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal,26(4),329-340.
17. Comer, D. R.(1995).A model of social loafing in real work groups.Human Relations,48(6),647-667.
18. George, J. M.(1992).Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social liafing in organizations.Academy of Management Journal,35(1),191-202.
19. Hart, J. W.,Karau, S. J.,Stasson, M. K.,Kerr, N. A.(2004).Achievement motivation, expected coworker performance, and collective task motivation: Working hard or hardly working?.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,34(5),984-1000.
20. Huang, M. -Y.,Tu, H. -Y.,Wang, W. -Y.,Chen, J. -F.,Yu, Y. -T.,Chou, C. -C.(2017).Effects of cooperative learning and concept mapping intervention on critical thinking and basketball skills in elementary school.Thinking Skills and Creativity,23,207-216.
21. Jackson, J. M.,Harkins, S. G.(1985).Equity in effort: An explanation of the social loafing effect.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,49(5),1199-1206.
22. Jackson, J. M.,Williams, K. D.(1985).Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,49(4),937-942.
23. Karau, S. J.,Williams, K. D.(1993).Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretic integration.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,65(4),681-706.
24. Kerr, N. L.,Bruun, S. E.(1983).Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,44(1),78-94.
25. Kravitz, D. A.,Martin, B.(1986).Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50(5),936-941.
26. Kugihara, N.(1999).Gender and social loafing in Japan.Journal of Social Psychology,139(4),516-526.
27. Latane’, B.(1981).The psychology of social impact.American Psychologist,36(4),343-356.
28. LeUnes, A. D.,Nation, J. R.(1989).Sport psychology.Chicago, IL:Nelson-Hall.
29. Mikalacki, A.(1969).Group cohesion reconsidered.School of Business administration. University of Western Ontario.
30. Mullen, B.(1983).Operationlizing the effects of the group on the individual: self attention perspective.Journal of Experiment Social Psychology,19(4),295-322.
31. Mulvey, P. W.,Klein, H. J.(1998).The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy on group goal processes and group performance.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,74(1),62-87.
32. Szymanski, K.,Harkins, S. G.(1987).Social loafing and self-evaluation with A social standard.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,53(5),891-897.
33. Weldon, E.,Mustari, E. L.(1998).Felt dispensability in groups of cofactors: the effects of shared responsibility on explicit anonymity on cognitive effort.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,41(3),330-351.
34. Woodman, T.,Roberts, R.,Hardy, L.,Callow, N.,Rogers, C. H.(2011).There is an "I" in TEAM: Narcissism and social loafing.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,82(2),285-290.
35. 王之相(2015)。工作精神—從行會到個人化。止善，18，83-114。
36. 王加微(1990).行為科學.台北市:五南圖書.
37. 季力康(1996)。運動目標取向量表信度與效度分析。國立體育學院論叢，4(1)，179-185。
38. 秦夢群(2013).教育領導理論與應用.台北市:五南圖書.
39. 黃金柱(1985)。運動團隊凝聚力的探討。中華體育，2，57-63。