從傳統的未來走向倫理觀點：技術反思、後殖民處境與原住民主體意識

From ＂Traditional Futures＂ to Ethics: Technological Reflections, Postcolonial Condition, and Indigenous Subjectivity

10.29910/TJIS.202106_13(1).0001

李宜澤(Yi-Tze Lee)

研究倫理 ； 技藝重現 ； 參與經驗 ； 治理分析 ； 架構替換 ； Research Ethics ； Revitalization of technique ； participatory experiences ； governance analysis ； change of structure

台灣原住民族研究

13卷1期（2021 / 06 / 01）

1 - 52

繁體中文

人類學從學科建置以來，與殖民治理的關係糾葛而不斷思考研究倫理議題；原住民研究作為主體的展現，同樣也需要針對研究問題以及國家處境加以反思，以脫離殖民情境。研究倫理的反思，一方面是對於人類學學科建置的遺緒進行批判與當代意義的重構，另一方面是對於研究者與被研究者的倫理關係之思考，以民族誌研究類型，探究實際倫理關係的形成與比較。與原住民相關的人類學研究從早期的族群類別研究，物質文化，宗教與親屬關係等問題，到近來關於認同與創新的文化展演，傳統領域之認識與回返，醫療資源與心理適應，以及災難後的重建與國家協商機制等。研究倫理的層面從個人或者村落基本的的知情同意，到使用資料後續的集體權益考量，或者涉及對於傳統行為之改變評估，以及政策操作與資源分配時的公平議題。原住民研究在後殖民以及主體意義的需求動力下，從族群研究與人類學的傳統範疇中脫離，成為討論當代在地知識與生存處境的重要學科。而以科學與技術觀點所討論的原住民研究倫理，主要在深化原住民族研究倫理架構的內涵。以原住民議題層面的科學與技術研究方向為主，從科技與後殖民取向分析討論原住民研究之倫理議題。期望從原住民相關的技術設計以及科學研究問題上，提供倫理反思的基本觀點。本研究以兩年期計劃研究成果，以研究倫理角度思考，原住民處境的技術問題，如何被呈現以及理解成為哲學處境的本體狀態。對於現有原住民研究與發展之技術問題與倫理討論相關部分，進行耙梳分類。進而針對前面所述，對於傳統知識的情境分析，環境治理與資源使用觀點，以及後殖民技術的論述，加以分析討論。尤其針對幾個重要衝突類型的討論：包括土地管理與傳統領域，資源共享與國家治理，環境災後重建與傳統生態知識研究之後殖民觀點。主要針對四個論述方向加以分析，並且討論以下四種倫理位置與知識生產的類別：「傳統知識或工藝復振與重現」類型，研究過程中「參與式資訊搜集」，因「災害或政策出現之聚落與資源管理」，與「原住民本體權利與以及研究方法論」相關之綜合類別。透過四種形成特定知識的研究與參與過程，本論文提出對於原住民研究之倫理議題的再思考方向。

This paper is the tentative result of a two-year research project entitled ＂Ethical Practice and Indigenous Traditional Knowledge.＂ The result focuses on the typology and topography of ethical practice and participatory actions in the wake of ＂traditional future＂ (following James Clifford's concept). There are four major types of ethical relations in the interaction between researchers/policies and local indigenous knowledge. First is the ＂Reconstruction and Renaissance of Traditional Knowledge or Handcrafts.＂ This type focuses on the translation from traditional knowledge to contemporary curator and exhibition intention. The ethical concern lies on the ＂stitchery＂ between illegal obtain of traditional objects and the public recognition of museum's mission. The second type of ethical relation is ＂Participatory Mode of Information Collection.＂ The common practice of GIS and tribal map of traditional territory is following in this category, and the focus is about the systematic substitution of local knowledge by academic/scientific viewpoint. Third, the type is ＂Collective Resource Management in reaction to Disaster or Policies.＂ This is a recurrent issue since natural disasters and human-induced disasters made indigenous communities even more vulnerable. The major concern of this type is to consider making new management regulations and translates native ethics into practical leadership in reaction to the contemporary scenario of ＂the tragedy of commons.＂ Last but not least is the synergic and combined consideration of ＂Ontological Issues of Indigenous Rights and Epistemology of Researches.＂ This is particularly focused on the critics on land ethics and cultural rights due to creative business. The ontological concern also reflects on the works of leading traditional discourses of rights into judiciary discussion as well as the critics on the violence of the state. All the four types are critical and mandatory to the research practice in relation to indigenous survival and cultural conditions. This research proposes to call for an ethical ＂return＂ (rather than theoretical ＂turns＂) in order to find ontological and pragmatic ways for the ＂Traditional Futures.＂

1. 吳嘉苓(2015)。永久屋前搭涼棚:災後家屋重建的建築設計與社會改造。科技，醫療與社會，20，9-74。
   連結：
2. 官大偉,林益仁(2008)。什麼傳統?誰的領域?從泰雅族馬里光流域傳統領域調查經驗談空間知識的轉譯。考古人類學刊，69，109-141。
   連結：
3. 紀駿傑(2003)。生態女性主義:連結性別壓迫與物種壓迫的女性主義觀點。女學學誌:婦女與性別研究，16，295-321。
   連結：
4. 童春發(2013)。探討排灣族習慣法中有關正義的概念與實踐。台灣原住民族研究季刊，6(4)，1-38。
   連結：
5. 黃居正,邱盈翠(2015)。台灣原住民族集體同意權之規範與實踐。台灣民主季刊，12(3)，43-82。
   連結：
6. 劉璧榛(2007)。稻米、野鹿與公雞:噶瑪蘭人的食物、權力與性別象徵。考古人類學刊，67，43-70。
   連結：
7. 羅素玫(2010)。文化認同、生態衝突與族群關係:由阿美族都蘭部落的傳統領域論述談起。考古人類學刊，72，1-34。
   連結：
8. Agrawal, Arun(2005).Envronmentality: Technologies of Government and the Making of Subjects.Durham:Duke University Press.
9. Anzaldua, Georgia(1987).Borderland, La Frontera.San Francisco:Spinsters Publisher.
10. Berkes, Firkes(1999).Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management.London:Taylor Francis.
11. Buchanan, Brett(2008).Onto-Ethologies: The Animal Environments of Uexkull, Heidegger Merleu-Ponty, and Deleuze.Albany:State University of New York.
12. Castellano, Marlene(2004).Ethics of Aboriginal Research.Journal of Aboriginal Healt/I,I(1),98-114.
13. Clifford, James(1994).Diaspora.Cultural Anthropology,9(3),302-338.
14. Clifford, James(2001).Indigenous Articulations.The Contemporary pacific,13(2),468-490.
15. Clifford, James,Marcos, George(1986).Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography.Berkeley:University of California Press.
16. Clifford, James,徐達（譯）,梁永安（譯）(2017).復返:21世紀成為原住民.台北:桂冠出版社.
17. Deleuze, Gilles,Guattari, Felix,Massumi, Brian(Trans.)(1987).A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
18. Descola, Phillip,Lloyd, Janet(trans.)(2014).Beyond Nature and Culture.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
19. Epeli, Hau'ofa,林浩立（譯）,黃郁酋（譯）,郭佩宜（譯）(2018).以海為身,以洋為度:浩鷗法選輯.台北:原住民族委員會.
20. Fischer, Michael(1999).Emergent Forms of Life: Anthropologies of Late or Postmodernitiesi.Annual Review of Anthropology,28,455-478.
21. Geertz, Clifford(1984).Distinguished Lecture: Anti Anti-Relativism.American Anthropologist,86(2),263-278.
22. Gonzalez, Roberto(2001).Zapotec Science: Farming and Food in the Northern Sierrra of Oaxaca.Austin:University of Texas Press.
23. Harding, Sandra(2004).The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader.Durham:Duke University Press.
24. Harding, Sandra(1994).Is Science Multicultural? Challenges, Resources, Opportunities, Uncertainties.Confgurations,2(2),301-330.
25. Harvey, Penny,Knox, Hannah(2015).Roads: Anthropology of Infrastructure and Expertise.Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
26. Hu, Jackson(2007).The Articulation of Modern Fetishisms and Indigenous Species.Taiwan Journal of Anthropology,5(1),19-62.
27. Ka'ili, Tevita(2005).Tauhi va: Nurturing Tongan Sociospatial Ties in Maui and Beyondf.The Cmpormy Pacifc,17(1),83-114.
28. Kirksey, Eban,Helmreich, Stefan(2010).The Emergence of Multispecies Ethnography.Cultural Anthropology,25(4),545-576.
29. Kohn, Eduardo(2013).How Forests Think: Toward an Anthropology Beyond the Human.Berkeley:University of California Press.
30. Larkin, Brian(2013).The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure.Annual Review Of Anthropology,42,327-343.
31. Latour, Bruno(2005).Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Thewy.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
32. Latour, Bruno,Porter, Catherine(trans.)(2017).Facing Gaia: Eight Lectures on the New Climatic Regime.New York:Polity.
33. Latour, Bruno,Porter, Catherine(trans.)(1993).We Have Never Been Modern.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
34. Mellor, Mary(1997).Feminism and Ecology.New York:New York University Press.
35. Phillips, Mark(ed.),Shochet, Gordon(ed.)(2004).Questions of Tradition.University of Toronto Press.
36. Rabinow, Paul(1977).Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco.Berkeley:University of California Press.
37. Rose,Debra.,黃懿翎（譯）(2019).野犬傳命:在澳洲原住民的智慧中尋找生態共存的出路.台北:紅桌文化.
38. Ross, Anne,Snodgrass, Jeffrey,Delcore, Henry,Sherman, Richard(2011).Indigenous Peoples and the Collaborative Stewardship of Nalure: Knowledge Binds and Institutional Conflicts.London:Routlege Press.
39. Sillitoe, Paul(ed.)(2007).Local Science vs. Global Science: Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge in International Development.Oxford:Berghan Publisher.
40. Simians, Cyborgs,張君玫（譯）(2010).猿猴,賽伯格和女人:重新發名字自然.台北:群學出版社.
41. Smith, Linda Tuhiwai(2012).Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous People.NYC:Zed Book.
42. Smith, Neil(2008).Uneven Development: Nature,Capital and the Production of Space.Athens:The Georgia University Press.
43. Tsing, Anna(2007).Indigenous Voices.Indigenous Experiences Today,New York:
44. Tsing, Anna(2005).Friction: an Ethnography of Global Connection.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
45. Turnbull, David(2003).Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers: Comparative Studies in the Sociology of Scientijic and Indigenous Knowledge.London:Taylor and Francis Publisher.
46. Venan, Helen(2002).A Postcolonial Moment in Science Studies: Alternative Firing Regimes of Environmental Scientists and Aboriginal Landowners.Social Studies of Science,32(5-6),729-762.
47. Waddell, Eric(ed.),Naidu, Vijay(ed.),Hau'ola, Epeli(ed.)(1993).A New Oceania: Rediscovering Our Sea of Islands.Suva:University of South Pacific Press.
48. West, Paige(2006).Conservation is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea.Durham:Duke University Press.
49. Whyte, Kyle(2017).Indigenous Climate Change Studies: Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene.English Language Notes,55(1),153-162.
50. 王昱心(2015)。瑪蘭族香蕉絲工藝復振及其文創產業發展初探。臺灣博物季刊，5(1)，105-116。
51. 台邦‧撒沙勒(2012)。遷村與社會脆弱性:古茶波安的例子。台灣人類學刊，10(1)，51-92。
52. 吳百興,吳心楷(2015)。從族群科學的觀點論原住民科學教育的取徑。科學教育月刊，381，17-36。
53. 林靖修。2016。(是誰吃了地瓜? Gimay ta ka dhgal Tmku 找回太魯閣族人的土地)《芭樂人類學》( https://guavanthropology.tw/article/6535 ) ( 2020/2/10 )。
54. 阿將。伊崮喜瀾。2018。(不要再用『科學』解釋原住民『傳統知識』)《上報/評論》12月18日。(https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=54081) (2019/4/30)
55. 趙恩潔（編）,蔡晏霖（編）(2019).辶反田野:人類學異托邦故事集.台北:左岸出版社.