臺灣高等教育院校之學校品質、經營效率與最適規模分析

School Quality, Operational Efficiency, and Optimal Size: An Analysis of Higher Education Institutions in Taiwan

傅祖壇(Tsu-Tan Fu)

成本效率 ； 高等教育 ； 規模經濟 ； 學校品質 ； cost efficiency ； higher education ； economy of size ； school quality

教育科學研究期刊

56卷3期（2011 / 09 / 01）

181 - 213

繁體中文

近年來由於少子化及高等教育之過度擴充，臺灣有許多家高等教育院校正面臨嚴重的招生不足及財務困難之問題。教育主管當局亦針對這些學校要求採取減招或系所關閉，或與他校合併之鼓勵措施。為提供較客觀數據作為調整時之參考，高等教育院校之經營效率及最適規模探討已為當前高等教育必要且重要之研究課題。本研究利用平均成本邊界函數法衡量高等教育院校之成本效率，並探究在考慮學校品質差異性下之最適經營規模。研究結果顯示，最適規模會與學校品質成正比。而就目前之平均學校品質水準而言，約有60%之大學及技職院校之規模未達或超過最適規模水準，應設法擴大或降低這些學校之經營規模，而本文之實證結果當可作為這些學校規模調整之參考。此外，研究亦發現：經營效率改善所獲致之成本節省，將超過調整規模所能產生之成本效益。是故，學校在調整規模之同時，更應重視成本效率之提升。

As a result of low birth rates and over-expansion during past decades, a number of higher education institutions in Taiwan are currently confronted by problems of low enrollment rates and financial distress. The educational authority in Taiwan has also requested that these schools reduce their study body, shut down problematic departments, or consolidate with other institutions. An investigation of the efficiency and optimal size of schools is a vital research issue in contemporary higher education of Taiwan to provide objective information for resource reallocation to schools. This study employs the stochastic unit cost frontier to measure the cost efficiency of higher education institutions, and to investigate their optimal size by considering the heterogeneous school quality. The empirical results reveal a positive correlation between the optimal size of a school and school quality. We found that approximately 60% of schools are identified as either over-or under-sized, and therefore, must adjust the number of students. The results also indicate that the cost reduction resulting from efficiency improvement will be higher than that from size adjustment. Therefore, managers of schools should focus specifically on efficiency improvement while considering the size adjustment.

1. 柯朝斌(2009)。高等教育普及化對於文憑訊號傳遞功能的影響：以賽局模型進行理論分析。教育科學研究期刊，54(2)，107-133。
   連結：
2. 盧永祥、傅祖壇(2007)。產出品質、組織特性與臺灣高等技職院校之經營效率。管理評論，26(2)，1-21。
   連結：
3. 蘇婉芬（2009）。97學年度大專校院新生註冊率變動分析。2011年3月19日，取自http://www.edu.tw/files/site_content/B0013/97register_rate.doc Soo, W.-F. (2009). Changes in higher education's freshmen registration rate in school year of 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2011, from http://www.edu.tw/files/site_content/B0013/97register_rate.doc
4. Aigner, D. J.,Chu, S. F.(1968).On estimating the industry production function.American Economic Review,58(4),826-839.
5. Aigner, D. J.,Lovell, C. A. K.,Schmidt, P.(1977).Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models.Journal of Econometrics,6(1),21-37.
6. Black, D. A.,Smith, J. A.(2004).How robust is the evidence on the effects of college quality? Evidence from matching.Journal of Econometrics,121(1-2),99-124.
7. Brewer, D. J.,Eide, E.,Ehrenberg, R. G.(1999).Does it pay to attend an elite private college? Cross-cohort evidence on the effects of college type on earnings.Journal of Human Resources,34(1),104-123.
8. Cohn, E.,Rhine, S.,Santos, M.(1989).Institutions of higher education as multi-product firms: Economies of scale and scope.The Review of Economics and Statistics,71(2),284-290.
9. Dale, S. B.,Krueger, A. B.(2002).Estimating the payoff to attending a more selective college: An application of selection on observables and unobservables.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,117(4),1491-1527.
10. De Groot, H.,McMahon, W.,Volkwein, J.(1991).The cost structure of American research universities.Review of Economics and Statistics,73(3),423-431.
11. Eide, E.,Showalter, M. H.(1998).The effect of school quality on student performance: A quantile regression approach.Economics Letters,58(3),345-350.
12. Farrell, M. J.(1957).The measurement of productive efficiency.Journal of the Royal Statistical,120(3),253-290.
13. Fu, T.-T.,Huang, C.-J.,Tien, F.-F.(2008).University cost structure in Taiwan.Contemporary Economic Policy,26(4),651-662.
14. Fuller, W. A.(1962).Estimating the reliability of quantities derived from empirical production functions.Journal of Farm Economics,44(1),82-99.
15. Glass, J. C.,Mckillop, D. G.,Hyndman, N. S.(1995).The achievement of scale efficiency in UK universities: A multiple-input multiple-output analysis.Education Economics,3(3),249-263.
16. Hashimoto, K.,Cohn, E.(1997).Economies of scale and scope in Japanese private universities.Education Economics,5(2),107-115.
17. Johnes, G.(Ed.),Johnes, J.(Ed.)(2004).International handbook on the economics of education.Bodmin, UK:Edward Elgar.
18. Kao, C.(1994).Evaluation of junior colleges of technology: The Taiwan case.European Journal of Operating Research,72(1),43-51.
19. Koshal, R. K.,Koshal, M.(1995).Quality and economies of scale in hither education.Applied Economics,27(8),773-778.
20. Koshal, R. K.,Koshal, M.(1999).Economies of scale and scope in higher education: A case of comprehensive universities.Economics of Education Reviews,18(2),269-277.
21. Laband, D. N.,Lentz, B. F.(2003).New estimates of economies of scale and scope in higher education.Southern Economic Journal,70(1),172-183.
22. Lewis, D. R.,Dundar, H.(1995).Economies of scale and scope in Turkish universities.Education Economics,3(2),133-158.
23. Lloyd, P.,Morgan, M.,Williams, R.(1993).Amalgamation of universities: Are there economies of scale or scope.Applied Economics,25(8),1081-1092.
24. Long, M. C.(2008).College quality and early adult outcomes.Economics of Education Reviews,27(5),588-602.
25. Rumberger, R. W.,Thomas, S. L.(1993).The economic returns to college major, quality and performance: A multilevel analysis of recent graduates.Economics of Education Reviews,12(1),1-19.
26. Zhang, L.(2005).Do measures of college quality matter? The effect of college quality on graduates' earnings.The Review of Higher Education,28(4),571-596.
27. 徐明珠(2006)。,未出版
28. 祝若穎(2009)。日本高等教育對少子化衝擊的因應及其啟示。教育資料與研究，86，175-198。
29. 陳順宇(1998)。多變量分析。臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:華泰文化=Hua-Tai。
30. 黃鏡如、傅祖壇、黃美瑛(2008)。績效評估─效率與生產力之理論與應用。臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:新陸=Shinlou Books。
31. 薛承泰(2003)。台灣近五十年的人口變遷與教育發展：兼論教改的盲點。提升高等教育競爭力：二十一世紀大學教育的發展國際學術研討會，臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:
32. 羅綸新(2007)。台灣少子化現象對高等教育之衝擊與挑戰。教育資料與研究，74，133-150。

1. 高秋香,宋修德(2021)。科技校院退場後安置學生在校生活適應之量化研究。技術及職業教育學報，8(3)，45-64。
2. 許添明、張良丞、吳新傑(2016)。國民中學適足教育經費：臺灣偏遠與非偏遠地區學校的比較。教育科學研究期刊，61(3)，43-67。
3. 賴怡樺,葉馨,陳敦源,郭昱瑩(2022)。國立大專校院預算員額調控機制之研究：政策問題之建構與分析。教育科學研究期刊，67(2)，125-153。
4. 賴永裕、黃劭彥(2013)。私校董事會人數、薪酬與經營效率關係之研究。台灣管理學刊，13(1)，55-71。
5. 劉火欽(2016)。建構我國私立技專院校財務困境觀測表之研究。技術與職業教育學報，6(3)，21-44。
6. 羅孟彥(2013)。支援教育品質管理之整合式資訊系統建構與研究。教育科學研究期刊，58(4)，69-101。
7. 于承平(2017)。歐洲大學整併經驗探究與啟示。清華教育學報，34(1)，163-199。
8. (2014)。私立大專院校創設支持組織與經營績效關係之研究。教育政策論壇，17(1)，69-97。
9. (2015)。台灣高等教育機構經營效率之研究：共同邊界成本模型之應用。教育政策論壇，18(4)，1-32。
10. (2021)。我國公私立大學之經營效率分析：資料包絡分析法的應用。教育政策論壇，24(3)，77-119。
11. (2023)。臺灣國立大學潛在合併利得之模擬評估：重複抽樣資料包絡法之應用。應用經濟論叢，114，43-97。