目標難度與獎賞方式對壘球學習表現與內在動機的影響

The Effects of Goal Difficulty and Rewards on Softball Throwing Learning Performance and Intrinsic Motivation

10.5297/ser.200306_5(1).0011

林錫波(His-Po Lin)

壘球擲準 ； 目標難度 ； 獎賞方式 ； 學習表現 ； 內在動機 ； softball throwing ； goal difficulty ； rewards ； learning performance ； intrinsic motivation

大專體育學刊

5卷1期（2003 / 06 / 30）

127 - 138

繁體中文

本研究的目的是探討不同的目標難度和獎賞方式對壘球擲準學習表現和內在動機的影響。以台北體院80位學生為本研究的受試者，並以隨機分派方式將受試者分派到六個實驗組。以「壘球擲準」及「內在動機量尺」和「目標接受量尺」為工具。所得資料經統計分析後，獲得下列結果：一、不同目標難度和獎賞方式對壘球擲準學習表現未達顯著水準。二、不同目標難度和不同獎賞方式對壘球擲準的內在動機沒有交互作用存在。三、容易目標組的受試者壘球擲準內在動機高於困難目標組的受試者。四、實物獎賞組之壘球擲準內在動機高於口頭讚美組及口頭讚美加事後實物獎賞組。

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of goal difficulty and rewards on the learning performance and intrinsic motivation for college students' softball throwing. Eighty subjects recruited from Taipei Physical Education College participated in the study. All the subjects were randomly assigned to six experimental groups. This study adopted the experimental method and used ”softball throwing” as the experimental task. All the subjects were administered an ”intrinsic motivation scale” and a ”goat acceptance scale”. Results showed that: 1.Goal difficulty and reward method did not interactively affect softball throwing learning performance. 2.Goal difficulty and reward method did not interactively affect softball throwing intrinsic motivation. 3.The intrinsic motivation of softball throwing for easy goal group was higher than that of difficult goal group. 4.The intrinsic motivation of softball throwing for material reward group was higher than those of oral praise group and oral praise with post material reward group, and there was not difference of intrinsic motivation between oral praise with post material reward group and oral praise group.

1. Anshel, M. H.,Weinberg, R.,Jackson, A.(1985).The effect of goal difficulty and task complexity on intrinsic motivation and motor performance.Journal of Sport Behavior,2,159-176.
2. Bakker, F. C.,Whiting, H. T. A.,Vander Brug, H.(1984).Motivation and Sport psychology: Concepts and applications.New York:John Wily & Sons.
3. Deci, E. L.(1972).The effects of contingent and noncontingent rewards and controls on intrinsic motivation.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,39,52-83.
4. Deci, E. L.(1972).Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reinforcement, and inequity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,22,113-120.
5. Deci, E. L.(1971).Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,18,105-115.
6. Deci, E. L.(1975).Intrinsic motivation.New York:Plenum.
7. Deci, E. L.(1975).Notes on the theory and meta theory of intrinsic motivation.Organizational Behavior and Human performance,15,130-145.
8. Enzie, M. E.,Ross, J. M.(1978).Increasing and decreasing interest with contingent rewards: A test of cognitive evaluation theory.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,14,588-597.
9. Garlan, H.(1982).Goal levels and task performance: A compelling replication of some compelling results.Journal of Applied Psychology,67,245-248.
10. Geen, R. G.,Beatty, W. W.,Arvin, R. M.(1984).Human motivation: Physiological, behavioral and social approaches.Boston:Allyn & Bacon.
11. Greene, D.,Sternberg, B.,Lepper, M. R.(1976).Over justification in a token economy.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,34,1219-1234.
12. Hall, H. K.,Weinberg, L.,Jackson, A.(1985).Effects of goal specificity, goal difficulty, and information feedback on endurance performance.Journal of Sport Psychology,9,43-54.
13. Koestner, R.,Zockerman, M.,Koestner, T.(1987).Praise, involvement and intrinsic motivation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2,383-390.
14. Latham, G. P.,Yuki, G. A.(1975).A review of research on the application of goal setting in organizations.Academy of Management Journal,18,824-845.
15. Lepper, M. R.,Greene, D.,Nisbett, R. E.(1973).Undermining children's intrinsic interest with external rewards: A test of the over justification hypothesis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,28,129-137.
16. Locke, E. A.(1991).Problems with goal-setting research in sports-and their solution.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,8,311-316.
17. Locke, E. A.(1982).Relation of goal performance with a short work period multiple goal levels.Journal of Applied Psychology,67,512-514.
18. Locke, E. A.(1968).Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,3,157-189.
19. Locke, E. A.,Sari, M. L.,Shaw, K. N.,Latham, G. P.(1981).Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980.Psychological Bulletin,90,125-152.
20. Mossholder, K. W.(1980).Effects of externally mediated goal setting on intrinsic motivation: A laboratory experiment.Journal of Applied Psychology,65,202-210.
21. Ryan, R. M.(1982).Control and information in the interpersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,3,450-461.
22. Ryan, R. M.(1977).Proceedings of the National Physical Eduction Association.Chicago:Office of Publication Service.
23. Ryan, R. M.(1980).Psychology of motor behavior and sport-1979.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
24. Ryan, R. M.,Mims, V.,Koestner, R.(1983).Relation of reward contingency and interpersonal context to intrinsic motivation: A review and test using cognitive evaluation theory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,45,736-750.
25. Steers, R. M.,Potter, L. W.(1974).The role of task goal attributes in employee performance.Psychological Bulletin,81,434-452.
26. Tubbs, M. E.(1986).Goal setting: A meta-analytic examination of the empirical evidence.Journal of Applied Psychology,71,474-483.
27. Weinberg, R.,Flower, C.,Jackson, A.,Bagnall, J.,Bruya, L.(1991).Effect of goal difficulty on motor performance: A replication across tasks subjects.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,13,160-173.
28. Weinberg. R. S.(1984).Psychological Foundations of Sport.Champaign, Ill:Human Kinetics Publishers.
29. 王宗騰(1993)。不同年齡兒童滾球出手型態與目標設定對滾球擲準成績表現的影響。體育學報，15，303-318。
30. 王澤惠(1993)。。
31. 周文祥(1990)。。
32. 林文蘭(1989)。。
33. 林世哲(1993)。內在動機在運動競技上的研究與啟示。國立體育學院論叢，3(2)，109-132。
34. 張春興(1992)。心理學。台北:東華書局。
35. 陳五洲(1988)。最佳表現與心智訓練。桃園:國立體育學院。
36. 陳國源(1993)。設定目標難度、獲悉結果、工作難度對籃下投籃準確性的影響。體育與運動，87，66-69。
37. 陳雪亮(1980)。壘球新論。台北:長白出版社。
38. 楊明磊(1990)。。
39. 裘友善(1987)。目標難度對工作表現的彭響。
40. 蔡秋豪、鄧碧惠(1994)。不同口頭回饋形式對國內女子籃球運動員內在動機的影響。體育與運動，89，41-48。

1. 陳淑滿、李麗珍(2005)。不同性別、獎學金等級選手知覺教練領導行爲與內在動機之研究。臺灣運動心理學報，6，55-69。
2. 董惠美、黃俊傑、康正男、王傑賢(2007)。Mosston's命令式、練習式、互惠式教學形式對壘球擲準學習效果之比較研究。運動教練科學，9，197-206。
3. 何若湯(2005)。目標難度、工作難度與回饋方式對花式撞球學習表現與內在動機之影響。輔仁大學體育學刊，4，14-30。
4. 黃美雪(2005)。目標難度對保齡球學習效果之影響。輔仁大學體育學刊，4，1-13。
5. 廖欽福、張淑貞、王丁林(2012)。心智訓練對於保齡球開球擲準學習效果差異之研究。亞東學報，32，301-308。
6. 宋孟遠(2008)。心智訓練對於手球擲準學習效果差異之研究。運動與遊憩研究，2(3)，110-120。
7. 韋磊(2008)。國立勤益科技大學學生心智訓練壘球擲準學習效果差異相關性研究。運動休閒餐旅研究，3(4)，154-164。
8. 楊孟勳、陳德海、邱睿昶、李竹圍(2007)。不同訓練方式對於壘球擲準學習效果差異之研究。北體學報，15，57-66。