後現代聆聽的挑戰方向：聆聽慣習、生態途徑、音樂詮釋

The Challenges and Directions of Listening in the Postmodern Era: Habitus of Listening, Ecological Approach, and Interpretation of Music

陳慧珊(Hui-Shan Chen)

後現代 ； 樂 ； 聆聽慣習 ； 生態途徑 ； 音樂詮釋 ； Postmodern ； Musicking ； Habitus of Listening ； Ecological Approach ； Interpretation of Music

藝術學報

98期（2016 / 04 / 01）

315 - 336

繁體中文

在後現代氛圍下發展的當代音樂，其實踐者的經驗法則與論述者的邏輯常有所出入；音樂的實踐與音樂的認知，甚至是未必相關的兩碼事。在涉及感性與理性、主觀與客觀的欣賞過程中，環環相扣的音樂循環生態與聆聽行為，究竟扮演著何種角色？它們與聆聽、者的聆聽慣習有何關係？又是如何影響聆聽者對音樂的詮釋？學者莫拉夫斯基指出，沒有任何跡象顯示，當代藝術的發展有停下腳步或消失匿跡的傾向。相反地，它是以多元面向與多層次的方式，鑲嵌在各種廣義的相關活動或現象上持續發展。後現代的藝術發展，關鍵不在於美學定義上的闡述，而是藝術實踐過程中所面臨的各種來自現實社會與文化的挑戰。本文循莫拉夫斯基對後現代主義的批判脈絡，首先釐清當代音樂的後現代特質，進而指出聆聽者可能面臨的困境與挑戰，並通過史摩爾的「樂」、貝克爾的「聆聽慣習」、以及克拉爾克的「生態途徑」等多方理論，研討聆聽行為在音樂實踐過程中所扮演的角色，剖析聆聽者典音樂生態之間的互動關係，探索所謂「音樂詮釋」之合宜性。

The experiences of participants and the theories of theorists of the contemporary music which developed within the atmosphere of postmodern era are often different. The doing and knowing are two matters that not necessarily related. For listeners on the side of recipient, the gap of the difference is particularly apparent. During the process of appreciating, which involved sense and sensibility, subjectivity and objectivity, the musical cyclical ecology and listening are closely linked to each other. What are their roles in it? What is the relationship between them and the habitus of listening? How does this affect listener's interpretation of music? According to Stefan Morawski, there is not any sign showing that the development of contemporary art is slowing down or disappearing in the postmodern ear. On the contrast, it is widely embedded in all kinds of related activities or phenomena and developing continuously. The core of the development of postmodern art, is not based on the elaboration of aesthetic definition, but on the challenges from social and cultural reality during its practicing. Following Morawski's critical contextual thinking of postmodernism, this article, firstly, clarifies the characteristic of postmodernity, then points out the possible troubles and challenges that a listeners might face, and finally, through views of Christopher Small's 'rnusicking', Judith Becker's 'habitus of listening', and Eric F. Clarke's ecological approach, discuss the roles of listening in the fulfillment of music, analyzes the interactional relationship between listeners and musical ecology, and examines the decorum of so-called 'interpretation of music'.

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