题名

民國時期廣州市“喃嘸道館”的歷史考究

并列篇名

History of "Nahm-mouh Daoist Halls" in Early Republican Canton

DOI

10.6353/BIMHAS.200206.0001

作者

黎志添(Chi-Tim Lai)

关键词

喃嘸道館 ; 近代道教 ; 廣州市道教 ; 火居道士 ; Modern Daoism ; Cantonese Daoism ; Daoists Living at Home huoju daoshi ; Nahm-mouh Daoist tradition

期刊名称

近代史研究所集刊

卷期/出版年月

37期(2002 / 06 / 01)

页次

1 - 40

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

本論文旨在考察民國時期廣州市正一祈福道館的歷史活動。根據民國22年(1933)廣州市政府進行的廣州市「卜筮星相巫覡堪輿調查統計」,廣州市民俗稱的「喃嘸道館」大約有二百七十多間,遍佈廣州市內各區界;而職業性喃嘸道士則有五百多人。當時,一般喃嘸道館分爲「正一」和「祈福」兩個種類。前者專做禮斗、安神、旺土、脫褐、嫁娶、打齋、建醮等功德法事;後者則只限做旬七、開路、招魂、上山等法事。民國17年,國民政府頒佈「廢除卜筮星相巫覡堪輿辦法」,強制上述營業者改業。民國25年,廣州市政府正式「通令各警察分局,勒令轄內各正一祈福道館執業人等,將所設道館即日歇業,並將招牌拆除,所陳偶像及一切導人迷信書籍器具,務使自行焚燬,責令嗣後不得再有在道館內或赴喪葬喜事人家做拜斗、召亡、做七、放焰口、度仙橋、及一切祈禳等情事,違即行拘究。」自此,廣州市內正一祈福道業大受打擊。1940年,廣州市淪陷於日本,一些喃嘸道士遷移香港生活,並在1947年結合起來成立「中華道教僑港道侶同濟會」,對香港喃嘸道教傳統的發展影響很大。

英文摘要

This paper aims at an interdisciplinary study of the history of local Daoism in early Republican Canton. Through a case study of the ritual specialists of Nahm-mouh Daoist masters during the late Qing and early Republican period, it focuses on how Cantonese Daoism tried to adapt to the changing political circumstances of the early Republican period. According to the findings of an official investigation on the ”Occupations of Divination, Astrology, Physiognomy and Palmistry, Sorcery and Geomancy” by the Nationalist government in Canton in 1933, there were more than 276 Nahm-mouh Daoist halls spread all over Canton at that time. They provided almost all the Daoist ritual services for the Cantonese people in the city. In the campaign against superstition and popular religion called the Fengsu Gaige (Reform of Customs), the self-styled progressive Nationalist government in Canton condemned the Nahm-mouh Daoist masters as sorcerers. In 1928 and again in 1936, the government twice ordered the banning of all Nahm-mouh ritual services and closed all Daoist Halls. In order to effectively abolish Nahm-mouh ritual activities in Canton, the city bureau of social affairs and the police force jointly investigated the Nahm-mouh Daoist masters in the city and duly produced a comprehensive report including the names and total number of Nahm-mouh Daoist masters, their home villages and updated addresses of their Daoist Halls. Based upon the 1933 report presently kept in the City Library of Zhongshan in Canton, this paper attempts to reconstruct the history of Nahrn-mouh Daoist masters, the geographical distribution of their Daoist Halls, and their ritual activities in early Republican Canton. Due to the Nationalist government's antireligious policy of destroying Nahm-mouh Daoist ritual activities in public, the Nahm-mouh Daoist halls could not survive intact to 1949. In the wake of the Second World War, some Cantonese Nahm-mouh Daoist masters fled from the war-affected city and moved to Hong Kong in 1940 and restarted their ritual services there. A union of the ”Nahm-mouh Daoist Masters Living Abroad in Hong Kong” was organized and found by most of them in 1947, which was to have a great influence on the later development of Daoist ritual traditions in Hong Kong.

主题分类 人文學 > 歷史學
参考文献
  1. (1929)。內政部的神祠存廢標準。民俗,41/42
  2. 東漢班固(1962)。漢書
  3. 清李調元(1915)。粵東筆記
  4. 清沈自南(1971)。藝林彙考稱號篇
  5. 清屈大均(1974)。廣東新語
  6. 清陳伯陶(1946)。東莞縣志
  7. Cody, Jerry W.(1996).American planning in Republican China, 1911-1937.Planning Perspectives,11,339-377.
  8. Duara, Prasenjit(1995).Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China.
  9. Duara, Prasenjit(1991).Knowledge and power in the discourse of modernity: The campaigns against popular religion in early twentieth-century China.The Journal of Asian Studies,50,67-83.
  10. Goossaert, Vincent(2000).Counting the Monks: The 1736-1739 Census of the Chinese Clergy.Late Imperial China,21(2)
  11. Poon, Shuk Wah(2001).Refashioning Popular Religion: Common People and the Republican Guangzhou, 1911-1937.
  12. 丁世良(2000)。中國地方志民俗資料匯編(第五冊)
  13. 小柳司氣太(2000)。白雲觀志
  14. 中國人民政治協商會議廣東省廣州市委員會文史資料研究委員會(1984)。廣州百年大事記(下)
  15. 中國道教協會(1994)。道教大辭典
  16. 仇巨川(1806)。羊城古鈔
  17. 史澄(1967)。番禺縣志
  18. 史澄(1967)。廣州府志
  19. 朱汝珍(1974)。清遠縣志
  20. 朱潤芳(1967)。清遠縣志
  21. 沙東迅(1986)。陳濟堂治粵八年確有建樹。學術研究
  22. 林富士(1988)。漢代的巫者
  23. 臥芳(1930)。風俗改革叢刊
  24. 胡吉甫(1972)。廣東風俗綴錄
  25. 卿希泰(1993)。中國道教史〈第3卷〉
  26. 徐百齊(1936)。中華民國法規大全
  27. 婁近垣(2000)。龍虎山志
  28. 梁鼎芬(1967)。番禺縣續志
  29. 陳垣(1962)。南宋初河北新道教考
  30. 森清太郎(1928)。嶺南紀勝
  31. 黃佛頤(1994)。廣州城坊志
  32. 黃炎培(1927)。一歲之廣州市
  33. 劉向明(1992)。羊城古今
  34. 劉勁峰(2000)。贛南宗族社會與道教文化研究
  35. 廣州年鑑編纂委員會(1935)。廣州年鑑
  36. 廣州宗教志編纂委員會(1996)。廣州宗教志
  37. 廣州宗教志編纂委員會(1995)。廣州宗教誌資料匯編(第二冊)
  38. 廣東日本商工會議所(1943)。廣東之現狀
  39. 潘志賢、楊洪校(2000)。廣州道教仙跡鉤沉。中國道教,57
  40. 魯曾煜(1987)。廣東通志
  41. 駱偉(2000)。廣東文獻綜錄
  42. 羅竹風(1990)。漢語大詞典﹙第一冊﹚
被引用次数
  1. Chau, Adam Yuet(2006)."Superstition Specialist Households"? The Household Idiom in Chinese Religious Practices.民俗曲藝,153,157-202.
  2. 付海晏(2008)。安世霖的悲劇:1946年北平白雲觀火燒住持案研究。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,62,43-90。
  3. 黃郁琁(譯)、高萬桑(2006)。近代中國的國家與宗教:宗教政策與學術典範。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,54,169-209。
  4. 黎志添(2004)。廣州元妙觀考釋。中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊,75(3),445-513。
  5. 邵佳德(2014)。傳統佛寺的近代轉型:民國泰縣光孝寺培安和尚個案研究。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,83,89-131。
  6. 譚偉倫(2009)。從粵北英德的「喃嘸」醮儀看民間佛教。民俗曲藝,163,71-115。
  7. (2005)。中國都南部醮儀之四種形態。歷史人類學學刊,3(2),131-156。
  8. (2016)。近代佛教與政治之互動─以民國時期南京的佛教改革為例。新史學,27(4),109-165。