從神經生理觀點探討幼兒注意力之表現

Neurophysiologic Point to Explore the Performance of Children's Attention

10.29780/YEPYLT.200906.0008

蕭夙婷(Su-Ting Hsiao)；張瓊云(Ching-Yun Chang)

幼兒 ； 神經生理 ； 額葉 ； 注意力 ； 注意力表現 ； Child ； Neurophysiologic ； Prefrontal ； Attention ； Performance of Attention

幼兒保育論壇

4期（2009 / 06 / 03）

8 - 26

繁體中文

注意力是學習的基礎，父母如果懷疑孩子有注意力方面的問題時，應注意區辨其類型，依照注意力特性採用不同的施測方法，以提供專業人員作診斷或復健的參考。幼兒可能因爲神經系統的限制導致注意力資源不足，也可能只是短時間的現階段腦部能量不足（例如：飢餓或疲倦），而無法做出其他孩子可以完成的工作（郭乃文，2008）。而注意力的發展是否和腦神經成熟有密切的關連？就神經科學理論而言，人類的腦前額葉是腦部發育最慢的一區，專司認知、專注、創造力、語言、記憶與自我意識；人類複雜的心智活動－專注，非常需要腦前額葉皮質的參與；如果腦前額葉的發展不足，專注力無法持續，將造成學習不佳、自信心低落，甚至有情緒問題，進而封閉自己（薛絢譯，2002），而注意力的調控必須仰賴神經系統成功地相互配合；因此，神經系統的正常運作與成熟的速度決定了幼兒注意力的表現。所以，如何促進額葉的發展以提昇注意力的增進，是協助幼兒學習過程中很重要的一環。 有鑑於注意力學習對幼兒的重要性，本文試圖從認知心理學及神經生理學的觀點切入探討幼兒注意力發展的特性，並透過文獻探討方式蒐集及分析台灣在注意力相關理論及研究之了解，針對兒童注意力之選擇、轉移及持續等特性之表現，做注意力表現測試之工具及方法之探究，搜尋分析研究文獻中分列對於注意力的意涵、注意力理論、神經生理與注意力之相關性、注意力施測的相關研究及注意力的評量或施測工具分析做基本之探究，進而建構日後研究之基本知能。繼之，對此提出想法及建議，爲台灣幼兒之注意力學習提供幫助。

Attention is the foundation of learning. When parents suspect that their children have trouble on attention, they need to identify the problems and provide the therapists better information prior to the treatment of the problems regarding the deficit of attention span. Children’s ability to sustain their focus can be limited by the under-developed neuron system or temporary exhaustion of energy (e.g. hunger or fatigue) (Kuo, 2008). But does the development of attention span relate to the maturity of the neuron system? The human prefrontal lobes which controls cognitive development, attention span, creativity, language, memory and self awareness is the slowest developing area in the brain; our complex cognitive activity of sustaining attention, requires the maturity of the prefrontal lobes. The lack of such development can cause the inability to sustain attention, and as a consequence, can lower the efficiency of learning and the promotion of self esteem; it can also cause the instability of moods and eventually introversion (Shue, 2002). In other words, the functioning neuron system and its state of maturity play a decisive role in children's ability to sustain attention. Flexibility test was selected as test items. The attention performance was tested at three time points: before treatment, one month after final treatment (short-term) and two months after final treatment (long-term). The homogeneity of pre and post test was also compared. T test was used to compare the relationship between attention performance and development differences in experimental and control group. Repeated measure dependent sample variance analysis was then used to compare the attention performance at different stages. The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of promoting children's attention by putting into practice in Sport Game Programs. The questionnaire survey was to understand sports habit of young children. This paper explores children's development of attention span from the perspectives of cognitive-psychological and neuron-physiological studies, examining pre-existing theories and research for related analyses done in Taiwan, especially pertaining to children's choice, change and sustainability of focus. This survey also sheds light on possible analytical methods/equipments, and provides numerical data as sources of comparison for the present study.

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