跨國公司與中國民族資本企業的互動：以兩次世界大戰之間在華冷凍蛋品工業的發展爲例

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doi:10.6353/BIMHAS.200206.0187

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人文学 > 历史学

DOI： 10.6353/BIMHAS

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跨国公司与中国民族资本企业的互动：以两次世界大战之间在华冷冻蛋品工业的发展爲例

Multinational Companies and Indigenous Enterprises in China: The Case of the Refrigerated Egg Packing Industry during the Inter-War Period, 1919-1941

张宁(Ning Jennifer Chang)

近代史研究所集刊； 37 期 (2002 / 06 / 01) ， P187 - 227

繁体中文 DOI： 10.6353/BIMHAS.200206.0187

跨国公司；民族资本企业；冷冻蛋品工业；华商茂昌公司；英商和记洋行；中国冰蛋业同业公会；韦尔信托公司； multinational companies ； Chinese indigenous enterprise ； China Egg Produce Company ； International Export Company ； Refrigerated Egg Packers' Association of China ； Weal Trust Co. Ltd.

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (44) │ 被引用文献 (3) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

并列摘要〈TOP〉

In the past it was commonly thought that Chinese indigenous businesses in the first half of the twentieth century, without the advantages of new technologies, ample capital and special tax treatment enjoyed by foreign enterprises, could hardly compete with Western intruders. Recent studies, however, have highlighted that we under-estimated the vitality of Chinese businesses. For example, Sherman Cochran's 1980 work on the cigarette industry has clearly showed that Jian Zhaonan's Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company rivaled the British and American Tobacco Company. His most recent case studies from 2000 on two more Chinese businesses, the Shenxin Cotton Mills and the China Match Company, further reveal their adaptability to Western management styles by combining ”Western” managerial hierarchies with ”Chinese” social networks. Kai Yiu Chan's study of the match industry in China also shows that the China Match Company, in expanding its business, was quick to take advantage of double-entry bookkeeping and the then newly promulgated company law.
The Shenxin Cotton Mills and the China Match Company distributed their products mainly in China, and their competitors, though including some British, Japanese and Swedish companies, were largely Chinese firms. This paper is a case study of a refrigerated egg packing industry dominated by one single Chinese business, the China Egg Produce Company (CEPC). Its products were sold exclusively to Europe in competition with some six to eight British and American enterprises, among them the International Export Company (IEC), the China subsidiary of a British multinational company.
By focusing on the refrigerated egg packing industry in China during the inter-war period, this paper argues that Chinese merchants were quick to grasp Western technology, management and the factory system. This, plus their knowledge of the people and the land, put them in a better position than we have recognized so far. This paper shows that CEPC not only rivaled IEC, but persuaded refrigerating companies, foreign and Chinese, to form the Refrigerated Egg Packers' Association of China in Shanghai in 1930 and the Weal Trust Co. Ltd. in London in 1934. Through these price-fixing organizations, the refrigeration companies managed to monopolize the export of frozen egg products from China to Europe until the outbreak of the Pacific War, and China therefore contributed 90 percent of ”eggs not in shells” imported into the UK in the 1930s.
The CEPC case not only shows the surprising vitality and adaptability of some Chinese businesses, but suggests that we reconsider the definition of indigenous enterprise (minzu ziben qiye). Though purely owned by Chinese merchants in China, CEPC operated exactly like its Western rivals in every aspect of its operations, including egg purchasing, processing, transporting and selling. On the other hand, multinationals also showed self-restraint and flexibility in their competition with Chinese business, operating on the principle, ”if you can’t beat them, join them.” Cochran describes the interaction between the managerial hierarchies and social networks in the management of Western, Japanese and Chinese enterprises in China, as ”dynamic.” If we can borrow Cochran's term, the fierce competition and the subsequent close cooperation between CEPC and IEC discussed in this case study could be termed undeniably another kind of ”dynamic interaction.”

参考文献 ( 44 ) 〈TOP〉

(1998)。访问茂昌公司运输部科长李性根先生。
(1934).Chinese Eggs and Egg Products.Chinese Economic Journal,14(2)
中央日报
Aaronovitch, S.(1955).Monopoly: A Study of British Monopoly Capitalism.
Atkinson, Tony(1985).Blue Star.

被引用文献 ( 3 ) 〈TOP〉

张国晖(2013)。国族渴望的巨灵─台湾科技官僚治理的中国脉络。国家发展研究，12(2)，73-132。
(2017)。英文学界关於「跨国史」研究新趋势与跨国企业研究。新史学，28(3)，207-240。
(2023)。从鸭蛋到鸡蛋──近代中国城市的禽蛋消费。新史学，34(1)，47-94。

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