二年級「持續型」與「晚發型」識字困難學童早期區辨效能之檢測

Predicting Persistent or Late-Emerging Difficulties in Reading Chinese Characters in Grade-2 Children

10.6172/BSE.201407.3902003

宣崇慧(Chung-Hui Hsuan)

快速自動唸名 ； 注音解碼 ； 區辨函數分析 ； 晚發型識字困難 ； rapid automatized naming (RAN) ； Tzu-yin decoding ； discriminant function analysis ； late-emerging poor reader

特殊教育研究學刊

39卷2期（2014 / 07 / 01）

61 - 86

繁體中文

近年來，有許多研究提出學前識字相關認知技能對一年級中文識字困難學童的區辨效能，但亦有研究發現，有些識字困難學童的發生時間約在習字後的二至三年，故稱之為「晚發型」（late-emerging）識字困難學童。因此，本研究縱貫分析學前到小學二年級識字發展相關資料（N=64），以探究早期識字相關技能與其後識字發展的關係，並分析「持續型」（persistent）及「晚發型」識字困難學童之早期識字相關技能的差異，進而檢測早期重要識字技能區辨二年級識字困難學童之效能。結果顯示，學前注音解碼以及快速自動唸名（Rapid Automatized Naming, RAN）與學童一至二年級識字顯著相關，聲韻覺識則隨著識字經驗的增加而愈見重要，視覺記憶的重要性則僅在習字之初。變異數分析結果顯示，在所有變項中，僅注音解碼及RAN達顯著差異，組間比較顯示，「持續型」識字困難學童之注音解碼及RAN顯著低於正常學童；「晚發型」識字困難學童的注音解碼及RAN則介於「持續型」與識字正常學童之間，但並未顯著低於正常學童。區辨分析結果則顯示，早期識字、注音解碼及RAN之組合具最佳區辨效能，分類總正確率達71.9%，其中又以早期識字的區辨效能最佳，亦能有效避免嚴重的假陰型錯誤。一般而言，「持續型」識字困難學童的識字問題較為嚴重，而此等指標對「持續型」識字困難學童的區辨效能相當穩定，但對「晚發型」識字困難學童的區辨效能則較弱。若將「持續型」與「晚發型」兩組合併，本組指標可預測全數「持續型」識字困難學童及80%的「晚發型」識字困難者。

Purpose: Recent studies have proposed that testing for reading-related cognitive skills can identify children with difficulties in reading Chinese characters in Grade 1. Research has also suggested that some children demonstrate adequate reading achievement when they start learning to read but lagmarkedly behind their peers in subsequent grades. These children are referred to as late-emerging poor readers. This study was intended to (1) investigate the importance of a battery of reading-related skills, including phonological awareness in syllable and tone, Tzu-yin decoding, visual memory, and rapid automatized naming (RAN) in character reading from preschool to Grade 2; (2) determine the differences in reading-related skills among groups of children with or without persistent or late-emerging character-reading difficulties; and (3) examine the accuracy of predicting persistent or late-emerging difficulties in reading Chinese characters in children. Methods: This was a 3-year longitudinal study. Although 330 preschoolers were recruited, only 230 remained in the cohort at the end of the study. The participants' reading-related skills were assessed in the last semester of preschool (April to June 2008). Their progress was observed and their reading ability measured at 3 time points: the beginning of Grade 1, the end of Grade 1, and the end of Grade 2. Fifteen of the 230 students had difficultyreading characters in both Grades 1 and 2, and were deemed as having persistent difficulties. Fourteen-children who started having difficulties in Grade 2 were defined as children with late-emerging difficulties. Thirty-five children whose z score of character-reading ranged from 0to 0.5 in both grades were classified as the control group. Correlation, analysis of variances, and discriminant function analysis were employed to analyze the data. Results/ Findings: The results revealed that Tzu-yin decoding and RAN in preschool were relevant to character-reading skills in Grades 1 and 2. The importance of phonological awareness gradually increased with experience in reading, whereas visual memory was substantially associated with character reading only at the initial stage of learning to read. The analysis of variances suggested that Tzu-yin decoding and RAN differed significantly among the groups. Children with persistent difficulties in character-reading scored significantly lower than normal readers in Tzu-yin decoding and RAN. Late-emerging poor readers scored higher thanpersistent poor readers and lower than normal readers in Tzuyin decoding and RAN; however, the differences between late-emerging poor readers and normal readers were not statistically significant. The results of discriminant function analysis provided one crucial discriminant function thatrecognized early character-reading, Tzu-yin decoding, and RAN as significant identifiers of reading difficulties. The classification ratewas 71.9% accurate. Early character-reading was shown to be the most accurate identifier, and offered no false negative values. Conclusions/Implications: The most significant early predictors of reading difficulties in Grade-2 children were Tzu-yin decoding, RAN, and early character-reading. Persistent poor readers might have more difficulties in learning to read than late-emerging poor readers do, and the discriminant function of this study accurately identified persistent poor readers. Althoughthe discriminant functionhad limited success in identifying late-emerging poor readers; the discriminant function predicted 100% of children with persistent difficulties in character reading and 80% of those with late-emerging difficulties from preschool to Grade 2, when the data was analyzed by combining the persistent and late-emerging groups.

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