華人角色關係的情緒表達規則回顧與前瞻

林佳樺; 姜定宇

doi:10.6254/IPRCS.201906_(51).0004

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P169 - 228

社会科学 > 心理学

DOI： 10.6254/IPRCS

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华人角色关系的情绪表达规则回顾与前瞻

A Review of Emotional Display Rules: Roles in Chinese Context

林佳桦(Chia-Hua Lin) ；姜定宇(Ding-Yu Jiang)

本土心理学研究； 51 期 (2019 / 06 / 01) ， P169 - 228

繁体中文 DOI： 10.6254/IPRCS.201906_(51).0004

上下关系；情绪表达规则；情绪展现行为；华人文化； Chinese culture ； emotion expression ； emotional display rule ； vertical relationship

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (141) │ 被引用文献 (7) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

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Emotional expression plays an important role in interpersonal interaction and communication. Emotion conveys information that helps the receiver to understand the expresser's intentions and influences the receiver's behavior. Studies have shown that emotion can be expressed nonverbally through tone of voice, physical gestures, and facial expressions. How people express their emotion is affected by culture; emotional display rules provide the norms for individuals to express emotions that meet cultural expectations. Regulating emotional behavior based on emotional display rules reduces vagueness and uncertainty in social interactions. Past studies have discussed the behavior and effects of interpersonal emotional display rules in Western culture, but the corresponding rules in Chinese culture are still poorly understood. Chinese culture has unique vertical role relationships characterized by unequal interaction norms, and there are different behavioral expectations for people of different statuses within a vertical relationship. We reviewed journal articles from Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies in order to develop a framework of the emotional display rules used in Chinese role relationships. We focused on studies of three kinds of role relationships that have a clear vertical structure in Chinese culture: the relationships between husband and wife, parents and children, and leader and subordinate. We reviewed 44 articles (12 about marriage, 13 about the family, and 18 about organizations) and conducted a content analysis. The analysis showed that the relationship between husbands and wives follows Chinese cultural traditions. There is a hierarchical difference between genders, with men having greater power than women. Wives are expected to be warm, caring, and obedient to their husbands. Expressing positive emotion and suppressing negative emotion are the wives' main display rules when interacting with their husbands. In contrast, husbands represent authority in the family, and do not need to regulate their emotions. Husbands should be willing to suppress their negative emotions to avoid conflict and maintain harmony in the family, but tend to use implicit ways to express their love and thankfulness toward their wives. In the vertical relationship between Chinese parents and children, Chinese society encourages parents to be strict with their children's education, and parents are thus expected to mask their positive emotion and express negative emotion to prevent their children from becoming rebellious, and to build their authority in the family. Children must follow the norm of filial piety by taking good care of their parents and suppressing their own needs to fulfill their parents' expectations. The corresponding emotional display rule requires children to express positive emotion and suppress negative emotion when interacting with their parents. Cultural norms may also affect interpersonal interactions in the workplace. Chinese culture emphasizes hierarchy and authority. Authoritarian leadership is a traditional Chinese value, with leaders expected to be father-like, disciplinarian, and powerful. Leaders may reprimand their subordinates and behave seriously to earn subordinates' reverence. Chinese subordinates are sensitive to authority and may actively show obedience and loyalty to their leaders. They tend to suppress their negative emotions to fulfill leaders' requests and express positive emotion to support leaders. Based on this review of Chinese vertical role relationships and emotional expression, we present six propositions. First, we propose that people with a lower status (such as children, wives, and subordinates) follow the emotional display rules of suppressing negative emotions and expressing positive emotions, whereas people with a higher status (such as parents, husbands, and leaders) follow the emotional display rules of expressing negative emotions and suppressing positive emotions (Proposition 1). We also suggest that the specific role norms of Chinese culture may enhance individuals' perception of emotional display rules in vertical role relationships (Proposition 2). In the organizational context, subordinates, who occupy a lower status role, tend to pay attention to others' emotional cues to regulate their emotions appropriately, and thus may be more conscious of emotional display rules. In contrast, supervisors may pay less attention to others' emotional cues because they are the higher status role model and do not need to be careful about following norms (Propositions 3 and 4). Furthermore, we propose that personal values may moderate the relationship between emotional display rules and individuals' emotional expressions. When people value interpersonal harmony, they may suppress negative emotion to avoid conflict, but may also be concerned that expressing positive emotions will be seen as immature behavior. Therefore, the display rule of suppressing negative emotions has a stronger positive association with suppressing behavior, whereas the display rule of expressing positive emotions may have a weaker association with expressing emotional behavior when individuals value harmony (Proposition 5). We further hypothesize that the values associated with the modernization of Chinese societies influence the effect of Chinese emotional display rules. Individuals displaying more modern characteristics may pay less attention to the cues of others and to authority. The emotional display rules of vertical role relationships may have a stronger positive effect on emotional display behavior in individuals displaying fewer modern characteristics (Proposition 6). In this article, we reviewed empirical studies of Chinese vertical role relationships in marriage, the family, and organizations, and analyzed the emotional interaction behaviors in these studies to identify the features of emotional display rules in Chinese culture. Future research could explore Chinese emotional display rules in different situations and the personal consequences of emotional interactions to gain a better understanding of emotional expression in Chinese societies.

参考文献 ( 141 ) 〈TOP〉

王丛桂,罗国英(2007)。华人管理者与情绪智能讲师对情绪智能之认知差异。本土心理学研究，27，231-297。
连结：
利翠珊(2006)。华人婚姻韧性的形成与变化：概念厘清与理论建构。本土心理学研究，25，101-137。
连结：
利翠珊(2012)。夫妻关系间的忍与婚姻满意度之关连。中华心理卫生学刊，25(3)，447-475。
连结：
利翠珊,萧英玲(2016)。夫妻内隐情感经验：感恩、忍与婚姻满意度。本土心理学研究，45，93-128。
连结：
利翠珊,萧英玲(2008)。华人婚姻品质的维系：冲突与忍让的中介效果。本土心理学研究，29，77-116。
连结：

被引用文献 ( 7 ) 〈TOP〉

费吴琛,周婉茹,李啓文,李庭阁(2023)。部属啊！您有做自己的机会吗？尚严、专权双元领导与部属任务绩效之关联性：以情绪调节策略揭开潘朵拉的盒子。组织与管理，16(2)，69-130。
黄湘纭,王玉珍(2021)。华人父母教养期许形塑经验与子女知觉期待之生涯因应。谘商心理与复健谘商学报，36，31-45。
魏大紘,赖念华,张佑诚,张哲恩(2023)。文化心理剧对成员在孝道困境中亲子互动的改变效益。中华辅导与谘商学报，66，123-158。
叶思妤,陈品洁,刑志彬,王毓君,王芊文(2022)。情绪勒索人际互动特质量表之建构。谘商心理与复健谘商学报，37，27-44。
(2024)。伴侣情绪表达矛盾对关系满意度之影响：行动者与伴侣相依模式之探讨。教育心理学报，55(4)，795-818。

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