题名

家長式領導與部屬效能:多層次分析觀點

并列篇名

Paternalistic Leadership and Employee Effectiveness: A Multiple-Level-of-Analysis Perspective

DOI

10.6129/CJP.2010.5201.01

作者

鄭伯壎(Bor-Shiuan Cheng);林姿葶(Tzu-Ting Lin);鄭弘岳(Hung-Yueh Cheng);周麗芳(Li-Fang Chou);任金剛(Chin-Kang Jen);樊景立(Jiing-Lih Farh)

关键词

多層次分析 ; 家長式領導 ; 個人層次 ; 組織層次 ; 部屬效能 ; employee effectiveness ; iIndividual level ; multiple-level approaches ; organizational level ; Paternalistic Leadership

期刊名称

中華心理學刊

卷期/出版年月

52卷1期(2010 / 03 / 01)

页次

1 - 23

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

隨著家長式領導概念的提出、三元模式的建立及測量工具的發展,研究者逐漸釐清家長式領導的內涵及其與部屬效能間的關係。可是,在檢視家長式領導三元模式之相關研究與結果之後,仍可發現有幾個問題尚待解決,其中,首先需要釐清的便是家長式領導的構念層次與不同層次之間的影響效果。因此,本研究將在過去的基礎之上,持續探討家長式領導在個人層次與組織層次對部屬效能的影響效果,以及兩個層次間的互動效果。本研究以華人中小企業之領導人與部屬之對偶作為研究對象,採取問卷調查的方式進行資料的蒐集,回收資料包含70家企業的382份有效問卷。研究結果除了再度驗證個人層次家長式領導的影響效果外,也呈現團體層次之平均家長式領導對部屬效能的影響,並彰顯平均德行領導的重要性,以及平均家長式領導對對偶家長式領導效果的調節影響效果,而證實家長式領導並非局限於單純的個人層次,或是單純的群體層次,而是屬於「群體中的個人層次」(individual within the group)。此結果頗符合華人社會的相依性概念:對組織成員而言,領導者對其效果的影響,除了要看個別對待的對偶領導行為之外,亦會受到領導者對所有人之領導行為的調節影響,而展現「個人」、「群體」及「領導者」間的集體相依關係。最後,就研究結果進行討論,並提出未來的研究方向。

英文摘要

Along with the constructs and measurement of triad models of Chinese Paternalistic Leadership (PL), the PL and its effectiveness within Chinese organizations have been gradually clarified by a series of empirical studies. But some existed issues still need to be refined further. The one of most important is the multiple levels of analysis of PL: The group difference approach which considers the leader would treat all employees equally and the individual difference approach which considers the leader would treat employees differently. Therefore, based on past research, this study continues to explore the effects of PL on the employee effectiveness both operating at individual or dyadic level (or micro-level), organizational level (or macro-level), and the interaction effect. The data is formed of participants of 70 businesses with 382 employees, who have close job-interaction with CEO, and collected by survey. The results proved again the influences of PL at individual level and showed the influences of PL at group level which emphasized the importance of Moral Leadership. Besides, the result showed the moderator influence of average PL on the relationship between the individual PL and employee effectiveness which then verified PL was not pure individual level or group level but the individual within the group level. The consequences were conformed to the construct of interdependence in Chinese society. The effect of leadership on employees is not only from the individual leadership but also from the moderated effect of average leadership, which highlights the interdependent relationship among individual, group, and leader. Finally, contributions and implications were discussed, and the suggestions for future studies were also provided.

主题分类 社會科學 > 心理學
参考文献
  1. Farh, J. L.,Cheng, B. S.,J. T. Li(Eds.),A. S. Tsui(Eds.),E. Weldon(Eds.)(2000).Management and organizations in the Chinese context.London:Macmillan.
    連結:
  2. 林姿葶、鄭伯壎(2007)。性別與領導角色孰先孰後?主管-部屬性別配對、共事時間及家長式領導。中華心理學刊,49,433-450。
    連結:
  3. 林鉦棽、彭台光(2006)。多層次管理研究:分析層次的概念、理論和方法。管理學報,23,649-675。
    連結:
  4. 彭台光、林鉦棽(2008)。組織現象和層次議題:非獨立性資料的概念和實徵。組織與管理,1(1),95-121。
    連結:
  5. 樊景立、鄭伯壎(2000)。華人組織的家長式領導:一項文化觀點的分析。本土心理學研究,13,127-180。
    連結:
  6. 鄭伯壎、周麗芳、黃敏萍、樊景立、彭泗清(2003)。家長式領導的三元模式:中國大陸企業組織的證據。本土心理學研究,20,209-250。
    連結:
  7. 鄭伯壎、周麗芳、樊景立(2000)。家長式領導量表:三元模式的建構與測量。本土心理學研究,14,3-64。
    連結:
  8. 鄭伯壎、謝佩鴛、周麗芳(2002)。校長領導作風、上下關係品質及教師角色外行爲:轉型式與家長式領導的效果。本土心理學研究,17,105-161。
    連結:
  9. Blalock, H. M.(1972).Social statistics.New York:McGraw-Hill.
  10. Bliese, P. D.,Halverson, R. R.(1998).Group size and measures of group-level properties: An examination of eta-squared and ICC values.Journal of Management,24(2),157-172.
  11. Bryk, A. S.,Raudenbush, S. W.(1992).Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
  12. Burns, J. Z.,Otte, F. L.(1999).Implications of leader-member exchange theory and research for human resource development research.Human Resource Development Quarterly,10,225-248.
  13. Castro, S. L.(2002).Data analytic methods for the analysis of multilevel questions: A comparison of intraclass correlation coefficients, rwg (j), hierarchical linear modeling, within-and between-analysis, and random group resampling.The Leadership Quarterly,13,69-93.
  14. Chemers, M. M.,M. Chemers(Eds.),R. Ayman (Eds.)(1993).Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions.New York:Academic Press.
  15. Cheng, B. S.,Chou, L. F.,Wu, T. Y.,Huang, M. P.,Farh, J. L.(2004).Paternalistic leadership and subordinate reverence: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organization.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,7,89-117.
  16. Cheng, B. S.,Huang, M. P.,Chou, L. F.(2002).Paternalistic leadership and its effectiveness: Evidence from Chinese organizational teams.Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies,3,85-112.
  17. Chou, L. F.,Cheng, B. S.,Jen, C. K.,K. G. Smith(2005).The Academy of Management 2005 Annual Meeting: A New Vision of management in the 21st century.Honolulu, HI, USA:Academy of Management.
  18. Cohen, J.,Cohen, P.(1983).Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for behavioral science.New York:Lawence Erlbaum.
  19. Courgeau, D.(Ed.)(2003).Methodology and epistemology of multilevel analysis: Approaches from different social sciences.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  20. Dansereau, F.(1995).A dyadic approach to leadership: Creating and nurturing this approach under fire.The Leadership Quarterly,6,479-490.
  21. Dansereau, F.,Alutto, J. A.,Markham, S. E.,Dumas, M.,J. G. Hunt(Eds.),V. Sekaran(Eds.),C. A. Schrieshiem(Eds.)(1982).Leadership beyond established views.Carbondale, IL:Southern Illinois University Press.
  22. Dansereau, F.,Alutto, J. A.,Yammarino, F. J.(1984).Theory testing in organizational behavior: The variant approach.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
  23. Dansereau, F.,Graen, G.,Haga, W. J.(1975).A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,13,46-78.
  24. Farh, J. L.,Cheng, B. S.(1997).Modesty bias in self-ratings in Taiwan: Impact of item wording, modesty value, and self-esteem.Chinese Journal of Psychology,39,103-118.
  25. Farh, J. L.,Cheng, B. S.,Chou, L. F.,Chu, X. P.,A. S. Tsui(Eds.),Y. Bian(Eds.),L. Cheng(Eds.)(2006).China's domestic private firms: Multidisciplinary perspectives on management and performance.New York:Sharpe.
  26. Ferris, G. R.(1985).Role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process: A constructive replication.Journal of Applied Psychology,70,777-781.
  27. Ferron, J.,Dailey, R. F.,Yi, Q.(2002).Effects of misspecifying the first-level error structure in two-level models of change.Multivariate Behavioral Research,37,379-403.
  28. Fiedler, F. E.,Chemers, M. M.,Mahar, L.(1976).Improving leadership effectiveness: The leader match concept.New York:John Wiley & Sons.
  29. Firebaugh, G.,K. H. Roberts(Eds.),L. Burstein (Eds.)(1980).Issues in aggregation.San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
  30. Gavin, M. B.,Hofmann, D. A.(2002).Using hierarchical linear modeling to investigate the moderating influence of leadership climate.The Leadership Quarterly,13,15-33.
  31. Hofmann, D. A.(1997).An overview of the logic and rationale of hierarchical linear models.Journal of Management,23,723-744.
  32. Hofstede, G. H.(1980).Cross-Cultural Research and Methodology Series.Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
  33. Hu, H. H.,Hsu, W. L.,Cheng, B. S.(2004).The reward allocation decision of the Chinese manager: Influence of employee categorization and allocation situation.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,7,221-232.
  34. James, L. R.,Demaree, R. G.,Wolf, G.(1993).Rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement.Journal of Applied Psychology,78,306-309.
  35. James, L.,Demaree, R. G.,Wolf, G.(1984).Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias.Journal of Applied Psychology,69,85-98.
  36. Kanungo, R. N.,Mendonca, M.(1996).Ethical dimensions of leadership.Thousand Oasks, CA:Sage.
  37. Katerberg, K.,Horn, P. W.(1981).Effects of within-group and between-group variation in leadership.Journal of Applied Psychology,66,218-223.
  38. Meyer, J. P.,Allen, N. J.,Smith, C. A.(1993).Commitment to organizational and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization.Journal of Applied Psychology,78,538-551.
  39. Pedhazur, E. J.(1997).Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction.New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  40. Pellegrini, E. K.,Scandura, T. A.(2008).Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research.Journal of Management,34,566-593.
  41. Raudenbush, S. W.,Bryk, A. S.,Cheong, Y. F.,Congdon, R. T.(2004).HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling.Lincolnwood, IL:Scientific Software.
  42. Sagie, A.(1997).Leader direction and employee participation in decision making: Contradictory or compatible practices?.Applied Psychology: An International Review,46,387-452.
  43. Schneider, B.,L. L. Cummings(Eds.),B. M. Staw(Eds.)(1983).Research in organizational behavior.Greenwich, CT:JAI Press.
  44. Somech, A.(2003).Relationships of participative leadership with relational demography variables: A multi-level perspective.Journal of Organizational Behavior,24,1003-1018.
  45. Vecchio, R. P.(1982).A further test of leadership effects due to between-group variation and within-group variation.Journal of Applied Psychology,67,200-208.
  46. Vecchio, R. P.(1985).Predicting employee turnover from leader-member exchange: A failure to replicate.Academy of Management Journal,28,478-485.
  47. Williams, M. L.,Podsakoff, P. M.,Huber, V.(1992).Effects of group-level and individual-level variation in leader behaviors on subordinate attitudes and performance.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,65,115-129.
  48. Yammarino, F. J.,Dubinsky, A. J.(1992).Superior-subordinate relationships: A multiple levels of analysis approach.Human Relations,45,575-600.
  49. Yammarino, F. J.,Markham, S. E.(1992).On the application of within and between analysis: Are absence and affect really group-based phenomena?.Journal of Applied Psychology,77,168-176.
  50. Yammarino. F. J.,Naughton. T. J.(1992).Individualized and group-based views of participation in decision making.Group and Organization Management,17,398-413.
  51. 任金剛、樊景立、鄭伯壎、周麗芳(2003)。教育部華人本土心理學研究追求卓越計畫研究報告,報告編號89-H-FA01-2-4-4教育部華人本土心理學研究追求卓越計畫研究報告,報告編號89-H-FA01-2-4-4,台北市:教育部。
  52. 徐瑋伶、黃敏萍、鄭伯壎主編、樊景立、姜定宇主編(2006)。華人組織行爲―議題、作法及出版。台北市:華泰文化。
  53. 鄭伯壎(2005)。華人領導―理論與實際。台北市:桂冠圖書。
  54. 鄭伯壎(1995)。行政院國科會專題研究報告,報告編號NSC83-0301-H002-056行政院國科會專題研究報告,報告編號NSC83-0301-H002-056,台北市:行政院國家科學委員會。
  55. 鄭伯壎(1995)。差序格局與華人組織行爲。本土心理學研究,3,142-219。
  56. 鄭伯壎(1996)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告,報告編號NSC85-2413-H002-005行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告,報告編號NSC85-2413-H002-005,台北市:行政院國家科學委員會。
  57. 鄭伯壎、周麗芳(2005)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告,報告編號NSC93-2752-H-002-003-PAE行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告,報告編號NSC93-2752-H-002-003-PAE,台北市:行政院國家科學委員會。
  58. 鄭伯壎、黃敏萍、周麗芳(2002)。家長式領導及其效能:華人企業團隊的證據。華人心理學報,3(1),85-112。
  59. 鄭伯壎、樊景立、周麗芳(2006)。家長式領導:模式與證據。台北市:華泰文化。
被引用次数
  1. Chou, Wan-Ju,Cheng, Bor-Shiuan(2014).Opening the Black Box: A Two-Dimensional Model of Authoritarian Leadership and Task Performance.中華心理學刊,56(4),397-414.
  2. Chou, Wan-Ju,Cheng, Bor-Shiuan(2014).Opening the Black Box: A Two-Dimensional Model of Authoritarian Leadership and Task Performance.中華心理學刊,56(4),397-414.
  3. 陳彥君、許含笑(2013)。提升工作團體認同:探討轉換型領導與部屬性格之角色。人力資源管理學報,13(2),73-100。
  4. 費吳琛,周婉茹,李啓文,李庭閣(2023)。部屬啊!您有做自己的機會嗎?尚嚴、專權雙元領導與部屬任務績效之關聯性:以情緒調節策略揭開潘朵拉的盒子。組織與管理,16(2),69-130。
  5. 高安怡(2021)。德行領導雙面效應之回顧性研究。科技與人力教育季刊,8(1),54-75。
  6. 懷明雲、樊景立(2014)。修正工具、對話西方:家長式領導的發展前景。本土心理學研究,42,109-123。
  7. 黃靖文,張韶蘭(2021)。家長式領導與倫理氣候如何促進公民行為:跨層次分析觀點。中原企管評論,19(1),47-66。
  8. 連玉輝、林姿葶(2016)。運動情境中的家長式教練領導研究回顧。體育學報,49(2),125-142。
  9. 劉佳雄、楊美玉、陳映潔、柯旻秀、柯佑宗(2013)。領導效能研究的回顧與展望:1985-2012。人力資源管理學報,13(4),1-39。
  10. 蕭佳純、張博楷(2013)。國民小學教師知覺領導者與部屬交換關係與組織公民行為關係之研究─工作滿意度的中介效果與家長式領導之調節效果。教育學誌,30,41-84。
  11. 蕭景鴻、鄭伯壎、姜定宇、林姿葶(2014)。家長式領導效能:後設分析研究。本土心理學研究,42,181-249。
  12. 嚴國晉,李庭閣,余宗憲(2023)。新進菜鳥工作不適配與離職傾向之關聯性:組織挫折之中介角色與威權領導之調節角色。管理學報,40(1),1-29。
  13. 嚴奇峰、卓明德、李粵強(2014)。領導者定位、領導行為與部屬對主管滿意度關係之研究─華人對偶關係之情境觀點。商略學報,6(2),105-132。
  14. 楊鎮瑭、高三福、呂政達(2013)。家長式領導行為與信任教練:團隊價值觀的跨層次調節效果。體育學報,46(4),393-406。
  15. 張家銘、李立良(2014)。大學體育室主任家長式領導對教師工作滿意與組織公民行為影響關係:以領導者與部屬交換關係為中介變項。台灣體育運動管理學報,14(1),115-144。
  16. 鄭伯壎、郭均誠、林姿葶、周婉茹(2015)。領導者之差序對待幅度與部屬效能:平均德行領導的調節效果。本土心理學研究,43,125-172。
  17. 鄭伯壎、連玉輝、周婉茹(2014)。威權領導:概念源起、現況檢討及未來方向。中華心理學刊,56(2),165-189。
  18. 鄭伯壎、林姿葶(2012)。華人領導者的噓寒問暖與提攜教育:仁慈領導之雙構面模式。本土心理學研究,37,253-302。
  19. 鄭伯壎、林姿葶、周麗芳(2014)。家長式領導:回顧與前瞻。本土心理學研究,42,3-82。
  20. 鄭伯壎、林姿葶、周麗芳(2014)。家長式領導二十年:問題與解答。本土心理學研究,42,147-177。
  21. 鄭伯壎、周婉茹(2014)。團隊中的差別對待:角色分化下的分隔與激勵效果。人力資源管理學報,14(4),1-29。
  22. 鍾玉珠,林雅雯(2020)。醫院護理主管領導行為、團隊健康氣候及護理人員職場幸福感之多層次研究:護理人員健康行為之中介效果驗證。台灣公共衛生雜誌,39(5),565-577。
  23. (2012)。從國際觀光旅館之餐飲部門探討家長式領導與工作特性對情緒勞務之影響:兼論主管與部屬交換為干擾變項。管理實務與理論研究,6(2),35-60。
  24. (2016)。分布式領導、完全領導、家長式領導與學校效能關係之研究:以教師組織公民行為為中介。教育行政與評鑑學刊,19,17-40。