题名

從腦與認知科學觀點探討體育課的價值與應用

并列篇名

The values of physical education and cross-disciplinary applications: A brain and cognitive science perspective

DOI

10.6222/pej.202206_55(2).0001

作者

王駿濠(Chun-Hao Wang)；陳詠儒(Yung-Ju Chen)；王信凱(Hsin-Kai Wang)；周建智(Chien-Chih Chou)

关键词

運動 ； 體育課 ； 教學法 ； 認知科學 ； 神經科學 ； exercise ； physical education ； pedagogy ； cognitive science ； neuroscience

期刊名称

體育學報

卷期/出版年月

55卷2期（2022 / 06 / 01）

页次

113 - 132

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

隨著跨領域研究的發展趨勢，許多認知神經科學研究已證實了運動、身體活動或體適能對孩童與青少年認知功能發展的重要性。然而，腦與認知科學的研究成果與知識於體育課程教學與實務操作的應用仍相當有限。為了促成研究理論與體育教學應用雙邊連結之目標，本文將綜整有關孩童與青少年之腦與認知科學的研究證據，議題聚焦於探討運動、體適能、執行功能、教室學習行為與學業表現之間的複雜關係，並嘗試以腦與認知科學理論為基礎提出體育教學之應用模式，以供未來運動教育學者與體育教育實務者應用之參考。經文獻回顧發現，運動、身體活動或體適能對孩童與青少年的認知功能皆有正向的影響。雖然該效益被證實會延展至教室學習行為，但似乎對學業表現的影響仍需要更多研究才能有明確的結論。此外，雖然目前有許多新興體育教學模式，但這些課程的設計與評量方式尚未考量腦與認知科學的觀點，以致於我們對這些創新課程在學生認知功能發展之潛在效益瞭解有限。對此，本文也嘗試提出融合認知科學原理的教案範例，期盼透過實徵研究的論述與實務引導來促成學術與實務工作者的對話，以創造更多雙邊價值的機會。
英文摘要

An increase in transdisciplinary research has led to a number of cognitive neuroscience studies describing positive relationships between exercise, physical activity, physical fitness, and cognitive development in children and adolescents, providing new insights into the educational value of physical activity and exercise. However, practical applications of these findings from cognitive neuroscience research to physical education remain limited. This article aimed to associate cognitive neuroscience research with teaching practices in physical education. First, a narrative review was conducted to evaluate the complex relationships across exercise, physical fitness, executive function, classroom behavior, and academic performance. Second, we discuss the value of physical education by applying knowledge gained in lab-based cognitive neuroscience research. A review of previous studies revealed that exercise, physical activity, and physical fitness are positively associated with improved cognitive function in children and adolescents. Although such benefits may extend to classroom behavior, the effects of improved physical fitness on academic performance remain unclear. Despite diverse pedagogy, applications of knowledge gained from cognitive neuroscience studies to the teaching of physical education have remained limited. Therefore, whether and how physical education improves cognitive learning and development in students remain unclear. Thus, this review also discusses the possible associations between current pedagogical approaches and cognitive gains. We also speculate on the potential underlying mechanisms responsible for the association between physical fitness and cognitive development based on current hypotheses and models (i.e., the cognitive transfer hypothesis and the adaptive capacity model). Finally, to bridge the gap between lab-based findings and field-based practice, two examples of theory-into-practice teaching plans for physical educators at all levels were developed. In summary, this article may provide a more thorough understanding of the practical benefits of empirical findings and improve their implementation in school settings.
主题分类 社會科學 > 體育學
参考文献
  1. Chou, C. C.,Chen, K. C.,Huang, M. Y.,Tu, H. Y.,Huang, C. J.(2020).Can movement games enhance executive function in overweight children? A randomized controlled trial.Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,39,527-535.
    連結：
  2. 王文宜, W.-Y.,闕月清, N.-C.,周建智, C.-C.,吳志銘, C.-M.(2015)。問題導向學習介入護專生健康體適能教學計畫之成效。大專體育學刊，17(2)，154-168。
    連結：
  3. 王駿濠, C.-H.,張哲千, C.-C.,梁衍明, M.-L.,邱文聲, W.-S.,洪蘭, D.-L.,曾志朗, O. J.-L.,阮啟弘, C.-H.(2012)。運動對兒童認知功能及學業表現的影響：文獻回顧與展望。教育科學研究期刊，57，65-94。
    連結：
  4. 余雅婷, Y.-T.,黃美瑤, M.-Y.,周建智, C.-C.,林錚, Z.(2016)。概念構圖教學對學童籃球技能與問題解決能力的影響。大專體育學刊，18(1)，27-40。
    連結：
  5. 李宏盈, H.-Y.,掌慶維, C.-W.,鍾啟暘, C.-Y.(2020)。虛擬實境輔助體育課羽球教學之研究。體育學報，53(4)，375-391。
    連結：
  6. 李宏盈, H.-Y,掌慶維Chang, C.-W.(2022)。設計思考對體育師資生學習如何教學之探討。中華體育季刊，36(1)，35-45。
    連結：
  7. 周建智, C.-C.,王育文, Y.-W.,李朝信, Z.-S.,黃美瑤, M.-Y.(2010)。運用小組遊戲競賽法在國小體育課之應用－問題解決歷程觀點。臺灣運動教育學報，4(2)，1-15。
    連結：
  8. 周建智, C.-C.,黃美瑤, M.-Y.(2010)。健康體適能教學方案在高中體育課的應用：問題導向學習理論觀點。體育學報，43(2)，149-170。
    連結：
  9. 周建智, C.-C.,鄭家惠, C.-H.(2010)。在體育課中發展學生運動競賽的決策能力模式。中華體育季刊，24(4)，138-151。
    連結：
  10. 周建智, C.-C.,盧俊宏, F. J.-H.,王駿濠, C.-H.(2022)。課後益智動作遊戲對超重兒童在視覺選擇性注意力、健康體適能與學科表現的影響。體育學報，55(1)，81-104。
    連結：
  11. 周建智, C.-C,涂馨友, H.-Y.(2009)。以合作式概念構圖發展學童運動學習。中華體育季刊，23(4)，117-127。
    連結：
  12. 尚憶薇, I.-W.(2010)。以合作學習理論應用於適應體育課程。大專體育，106，56-60。
    連結：
  13. 林信宏, H.-H.,周建智, C.-C.,黃美瑤, M.-Y.(2008)。合作學習對大專生批判思考能力的關聯性之影響。大專體育學刊，10(2)，17-28。
    連結：
  14. 孫繼光, C.-K.,陳俐蓉, L.-J.,古博文, P.-W.(2021)。青少年靜態行為與身心健康之文獻回顧。中華體育季刊，35(4)，271-282。
    連結：
  15. 高俊傑, C.-C.(2012)。學生小組成就區分法對籃球策略認知&學習動機影響之探討。臺灣運動教育學報，7(2)，23-40。
    連結：
  16. 陳榮章, R.-C.(2012)。動機型態對不同能力合作學習成效及互動行為之研究。中華體育季刊，26(1)，117-123。
    連結：
  17. Ahamed, Y.,MacDonald, H.,Reed, K.,Naylor, P. J.,Liu-Ambrose, T.,McKay, H.(2007).School-based physical activity does not compromise children's academic performance.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,39(2),371-376.
  18. Akko, D. P.,Koutsandréou, F.,Murillo Rodríguez, E.,Wegner, M.,Budde, H.(2020).The effects of an exercise training on steroid hormones in preadolescent children-A moderator for enhanced cognition?.Physiology & Behavior,227,113168.
  19. Allison, S.,Thorpe, R.(1997).A comparison of the effectiveness of two approaches to teaching games within physical education. A skills approach versus a games for understanding approach.British Journal of Physical Education,28(3),9-13.
  20. Álvarez-Bueno, C.,Pesce, C.,Cavero-Redondo, I,Sánchez-López, M.,Garrido-Miguel, M.,Martínez-Vizcaíno V.(2017).Academic achievement and physical activity: A metaanalysis.Pediatrics,140(6),e20171498.
  21. Alves, H.,Voss, M. W.,Boot, W. R.,Deslandes, A.,Cossich, V.,Salles, J. I.,Kramer, A. F.(2013).Perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite volleyball players.Frontiers in Psychology,4,36.
  22. Ansari, D.,Coch, D.(2006).Bridges over troubled waters: Education and cognitive neuroscience.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,10(4),146-151.
  23. Bailey, R.(2006).Physical education and sport in schools: A review of benefits and outcomes.Journal of School Health,76(8),397-401.
  24. Bamidis, P. D.,Vivas, A. B.,Styliadis, C.,Frantzidis, C.,Klados, M.,Schlee, W.,Siountas, A.,Papageorgiou, S. G.(2014).A review of physical and cognitive interventions in aging.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,44,206-220.
  25. Berg, K.(2010).Justifying physical education based on neuroscience evidence.Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance,81,24-46.
  26. Cakir, B. A.,Turkkan, M.,Ozer, O.(2020).Effects of adding cognitive motor coordination exercise to soccer training vs.soccer training alone on physical fitness of prepubescent boys.International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology,9,234-242.
  27. Carlson, J. A.,Engelberg, J. K.,Cain, K. L.,Conway, T. L.,Mignano, A. M.,Bonilla, E. A.,Sallis, J. F.(2015).Implementing classroom physical activity breaks: Associations with student physical activity and classroom behavior.Preventive Medicine,81,67-72.
  28. Carlson, S. A.,Fulton, J. E.,Lee, S. M.,Maynard, L. M.,Brown, D. R.,Kohl III, H. W.,Dietz, W. H.(2008).Physical education and academic achievement in elementary school: Data from the early childhood longitudinal study.American Journal of Public Health,98,721-727.
  29. Casey, B.,Tottenham, N.,Liston, C.,Durston, S.(2005).Imaging the developing brain: What have we learned about cognitive development?.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,9(3),104-110.
  30. Castelli, D. M.,Hillman, C. H.,Buck, S. M.,Erwin, H. E.(2007).Physical fitness and academic achievement in third-and fifthgrade students.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,29(2),239-252.
  31. Chaddock, L.,Erickson, K. I.,Prakash, R. S.,Voss, M. W.,VanPatter, M.,Pontifex, M. B.,Hillman C. H.,Kramer, A. F.(2011).A functional MRI investigation of the association between childhood aerobic fitness and neurocognitive control.Biological Psychology,89(1),260-268.
  32. Chang, Y. K.,Erickson, K. I.,Stamatakis, E.,Hung, T. M.(2019).How the 2018 US physical activity guidelines are a call to promote and better understand acute physical activity for cognitive function gains.Sports Medicine,49,1625-1627.
  33. Cleland, F.,Helion, J.,Fry, F. F.(1999).Modifying teacher behaviors to promote critical thinking in K-12 physical education.Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,18(2),199-215.
  34. Coe, D. P.,Pivarnik, J. M.,Womack, C. J.,Reeves, M. J.,Malina, R. M.(2006).Effect of physical education and activity levels on academic achievement in children.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,38,1515-1519.
  35. Colcombe, S. J.,Kramer, A. F.(2003).Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study.Psychological Science,14,125-130.
  36. Cooper, S. B.,Bandelow, S.,Nute, M. L.,Morris, J. G.,Nevill, M. E.(2012).The effects of a mid-morning bout of exercise on adolescents' cognitive function.Mental Health and Physical Activity,5,183-190.
  37. Crova, C.,Struzzolino, I.,Marchetti, R.,Masci, I.,Vannozzi, G.,Forte, R.,Pesce, C.(2014).Cognitively challenging physical activity benefits executive function in overweight children.Journal of Sports Sciences,32,201-211.
  38. Daugherty, A. M.,Zwilling, C.,Paul, E. J.,Sherepa, N.,Allen, C.,Kramer, A. F.,Hillman, C. H.,Cohen, N. J.,Barbey, A. K.(2017).Multi-modal fitness and cognitive training to enhance fluid intelligence.Intelligence,66,32-43.
  39. Davis, C. L.,Tkacz, J. P.,Tomporowski, P. D.,Bustamante, E. E.(2015).Independent associations of organized physical activity and weight status with children’s cognitive functioning: A matched-pairs design.Pediatric Exercise Science,27,477-487.
  40. De Greeff, J. W.,Bosker, R. J.,Oosterlaan, J.,Visscher, C.,Hartman, E.(2018).Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: A meta-analysis.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,21,501-507.
  41. Deary, I. J.,Strand, S.,Smith, P.,Fernandes, C.(2007).Intelligence and educational achievement.Intelligence,35,13-21.
  42. Diamond, A.(2013).Executive functions.Annual Review of Psychology,64,135-168.
  43. Diamond, A.,Lee, K.(2011).Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old.Science,333,959-964.
  44. Donnelly, F. C.,Helion, J.,Fry, F.(1999).Modifying teacher behaviors to promote critical thinking in K-12 physical education.Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,18,199-215.
  45. Donnelly, J. E.,Lambourne, K.(2011).Classroom-based physical activity, cognition, and academic achievement.Preventive Medicine,52,36-42.
  46. Drollette, E. S.,Scudder, M. R.,Raine, L. B.,Moore, R. D.,Saliba, B. J.,Pontifex, M. B.,Hillman, C. H.(2014).Acute exercise facilitates brain function and cognition in children who need it most: An ERP study of individual differences in inhibitory control capacity.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,7,53-64.
  47. Dudley, D.,Cairney, J.,Goodway, J.(2019).Special issue on physical literacy: Evidence and intervention.Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,38(2),77-78.
  48. Dwyer, T.,Sallis, J. F.,Blizzard, L.,Lazarus, R.,Dean, K.(2001).Relation of academic performance to physical activity and fitness in children.Pediatric Exercise Science,13,225-237.
  49. Ellemberg, D.,St-Louis-Deschênes, M.(2010).The effect of acute physical exercise on cognitive function during development.Psychology of Sport & Exercise,11,122-126.
  50. Fedewa, A. L.,Ahn, S.(2011).The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children's achievement and cognitive outcomes: A meta-analysis.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,82,521-535.
  51. Gathercole, S. E.,Pickering, S. J.,Knight, C.,Stegmann, Z.(2004).Working memory skills and educational attainment: Evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age.Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition,18,1-16.
  52. Gazzaniga, M. S.,Ivry, R. B.,Mangun, G. R.(2002).Cognitive neuroscience.W.W. Norton & Company.
  53. Gilbert, S. J.,Burgess, P. W.(2008).Executive function.Current Biology,18,110-114.
  54. Green, N. R.,Roberts, W. M.,Sheehan, D.,Keegan, R. J.(2018).Charting physical literacy journeys within physical education settings.Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,37(3),232-240.
  55. Grieco, L. A.,Jowers, E. M.,Bartholomew, J. B.(2009).Physically active academic lessons and time on task: The moderating effect of body mass index.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,41,1921-1926.
  56. Harms, M. B.,Zayas, V.,Meltzoff, A. N.,Carlson, S. M.(2014).Stability of executive function and predictions to adaptive behavior from middle childhood to pre-adolescence.Frontiers in Psychology,5,311.
  57. Harvey, S.,Smith, M. L.,Song, Y.,Robertson, D.,Brown, R.,Smith, L. R.(2016).Gender and school-level differences in students’ moderate and vigorous physical activity levels when taught basketball through the tactical games model.Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,35,349-357.
  58. Heisz, J. J.,Gould, M.,McIntosh, A. R.(2015).Age-related shift in neural complexity related to task performance and physical activity.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,27,605-613.
  59. Hillman, C. H.,Castelli, D. M.,Buck, S. M.(2005).Aerobic fitness and neurocognitive function in healthy preadolescent children.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,37(11),1967.
  60. Hillman, C. H.,Erickson, K. I.,Kramer, A. F.(2008).Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,9,58-65.
  61. Huang, M. Y.,Tu, H. Y.,Wang, W. Y.,Chen, J. F.,Yu, Y. T.,Chou, C. C.(2017).Effects of cooperative learning and concept mapping intervention on critical thinking and basketball skills in elementary school.Thinking Skills & Creativity,23,207-216.
  62. Ishihara, T.,Miyazaki, A.,Tanaka, H.,Fujii, T.,Takahashi, M.,Nishina, K.,Knanri, K.,Takagishi, H.,Matsuda, T.(2021).Childhood exercise predicts response inhibition in later life via changes in brain connectivity and structure.Neuroimage,237,118196.
  63. Jacobson, J.,Matthaeus, L.(2014).Athletics and executive functioning: How athletic participation and sport type correlate with cognitive performance.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,15,521-527.
  64. Kamijo, K.,Pontifex, M. B.,O’Leary, K. C,Scudder, M. R.,Wu, C. T.,Castelli, D. M.,Hillman, C. H.(2011).The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children.Developmental Science,14,1046-1058.
  65. Kamijo, K.,Takeda, Y.,Takai, Y.,Haramura, M.(2015).Greater aerobic fitness is associated with more efficient inhibition of task-irrelevant information in preadolescent children.Biological Psychology,110,68-74.
  66. Kirk, D.(2010).Physical education futures.Routledge.
  67. Kramer, A. F.,Hahn, S.,Cohen, N. J.,Banich, M.T.,McAuley, E.,Harrison, C. R.,Chason, J.,Vakil, E.,Bardell, L.,Boileau, R. A.(1999).Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function.Nature,400(6743),418-419.
  68. Kulinna, P. H.,Cothran, D. J.(2003).Physical education teachers’ self-reported use and perceptions of various teaching styles.Learning and Instruction,13,597-609.
  69. Lewallen, T. C.,Hunt, H.,Potts‐Datema, W.,Zaza, S.,Giles, W.(2015).The whole school, whole community, whole child model: A new approach for improving educational attainment and healthy development for students.Journal of School Health,85,729-739.
  70. Lubans, D.,Richards, J.,Hillman, C.,Faulkner, G.,Beauchamp, M.,Nilsson, M.,Kelly, P.,Raine, L.,Biddle, S.(2016).Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms.Pediatrics,138(3),20161642.
  71. Ludyga, S.,Gerber, M.,Brand, S.,Möhring, W.,Pühse, U.(2022).Do different cognitive domains mediate the association between moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity and adolescents’ off‐task behaviour in the classroom?.British Journal of Educational Psychology,92(1),194-211.
  72. Ludyga, S.,Gerber, M.,Pühse, U.,Looser, V. N.,Kamijo, K.(2020).Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating moderators of long-term effects of exercise on cognition in healthy individuals.Nature Human Behaviour,4,603-612.
  73. Ludyga, S.,Mücke, M.,Andrä, C.,Gerber, M.,Pühse, U.(2021).Neurophysiological correlates of interference control and response inhibition processes in children and adolescents engaging in open-and closed skill sports.Journal of Sport and Health Science
  74. Ludyga, S.,Mücke, M.,Kamijo, K.,Andrä, C.,Pühse, U.,Gerber, M.,Herrmann, C.(2020).The role of motor competences in predicting working memory maintenance and preparatory processing.Child Development,91,799-813.
  75. Ludyga, S.,Schilling, R.,Colledge, F.,Brand, S.,Pühse, U.,Gerber, M.(2020).Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and social cognition in healthy adults.Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,30,1722-1728.
  76. Ma, J. K.,Mare, L. L.,Gurd, B. J.(2014).Classroom-based high-intensity interval activity improves off-task behaviour in primary school students.Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism,39(12),1332-1337.
  77. Mahar, M. T.(2019).Classroom-based physical activity and on-task behavior.Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine,4(17),148-154.
  78. Mahar, M.,Murphy, S.,Rowe, D.,Golden, J.,Shields, T.,Raedke, T.(2006).Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,38(12),2086-2094.
  79. Marques, A.,Santos, D. A.,Hillman, C. H.,Sardinha, L. B.(2018).How does academic achievement relate to cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity and objectively reported physical activity: A systematic review in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years.British Journal of Sports Medicine,52(16),1039-1039.
  80. McBride, R. E.,Xiang, P.(2004).Thoughtful decision makingin physical education: A modest proposal.Quest,56(3),337-354.
  81. Moffett, L.,Morrison, F. J.(2020).Off-task behavior in kindergarten: Relations to executive function and academic achievement.Journal of Educational Psychology,112(5),938-955.
  82. Moreau, D.,Chou, E.(2019).The acute effect of high-intensity exercise on executive function: A meta-analysis.Perspectives on Psychological Science,14(5),734-764.
  83. Mullender‐Wijnsma, M. J.,Hartman, E.,de Greeff, J. W.,Bosker, R. J.,Doolaard, S.,Visscher, C.(2015).Improving academic performance of school‐age children by physical activity in the classroom: 1-year program evaluation.Journal of School Health,85(6),365-371.
  84. Østergaard, L. D.(2018).Creation of new routines in physical education: second-order reflection as a tradition-challenging form of reflection stimulated by inquiry-based learning.Sport, Education and Society,24,981-993.
  85. Penney, D.,McMahon, J.(2016).High‐performance sport, learning and culture: New horizons for sport pedagogues?.Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy,21(1),81-88.
  86. Prakash, R. S.,Voss, M. W.,Erickson, K. I.,Kramer, A. F.(2015).Physical activity and cognitive vitality.Annual Review of Psychology,66,769-797.
  87. Raichlen, D. A.,Alexander, G. E.(2017).Adaptive capacity: An evolutionary neuroscience model linking exercise, cognition, and brain health.Trends in Neurosciences,40(7),408-421.
  88. Rasberry, C. N.,Lee, S. M.,Robin, L.,Laris, B. A.,Russell, L. A.,Coyle, K. K.,Nihiser, A. J.(2011).The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: A systematic review of the literature.Preventive Medicine,52,10-20.
  89. Riccio, C. A.,Hewitt, L. L.,Blake, J. J.(2011).Relation of measures of executive function to aggressive behavior in children.Applied Neuropsychology,18(1),1-10.
  90. Roberts, W. M.,Newcombe, D. J.,Davids, K.(2019).Application of a constraints-led approach to pedagogy in schools: Embarking on a journey to nurture physical literacy in primary physical education.Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy,24(2),162-175.
  91. Sattelmair, J.,Ratey, J. J.(2009).Physically active play and cognition.American Journal of Play,1(3),365-374.
  92. Schumacher, N.,Reer, R.,Braumann, K. M.(2020).On-field perceptual-cognitive training improves peripheral reaction in soccer: A controlled trial.Frontiers in Psychology,11,1948.
  93. Shephard, R. J.(1997).Curricular physical activity and academic performance.Pediatric Exercise Science,9(2),113-126.
  94. Sibley, B. A.,Etnier, J. L.(2003).The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: A meta-analysis.Pediatric Exercise Science,15,243-256.
  95. Simonton, K. L.,Layne, T. E.,Irwin, C. C.(2021).Project-based learning and its potential in physical education: An instructional model inquiry.Curriculum Studies in Health and Physical Education,12(1),36-52.
  96. Spengler, M.,Damian, R. I.,Roberts, B. W.(2018).How you behave in school predicts life success above and beyond family background, broad traits, and cognitive ability.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,114(4),620-636.
  97. Stephenson, K. A.,Parrila, R. K.,Georgiou, G. K.,Kirby, J. R.(2008).Effects of home literacy, parents' beliefs, and children's taskfocused behavior on emergent literacy and word reading skills.Scientific Studies of Reading,12(1),24-50.
  98. Stevenson, C. E.,Bergwerff, C. E.,Heiser, W. J.,Resing, W. C.(2014).Working memory and dynamic measures of analogical reasoning as predictors of children's math and reading achievement.Infant and Child Development,23(1),51-66.
  99. Stylianou, M.,Kulinna, P. H.,Van Der Mars, H.,Mahar, M. T.,Adams, M. A.,Amazeen, E.(2016).Before-school running/walking club: Effects on student on-task behavior.Preventive Medicine Reports,3,196-202.
  100. Tham, R.,Walker, Z.,Tan, S. H. D.,Low, L. T.,Chen, S. H.(2019).Translating education neuroscience for teachers.Learning: Research and Practice,5(2),149-173.
  101. Tomporowski, P. D.,McCullick, B.,Pendleton, D. M.,Pesce, C.(2015).Exercise and children's cognition: The role of exercise characteristics and a place for metacognition.Journal of Sport and Health Science,4(1),47-55.
  102. Trudeau, F.,Shephard, R. J.(2008).Physical education, school physical activity, school sports and academic performance.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,5(1),1-12.
  103. Uddin, L. Q.(2021).Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: Neural mechanisms and clinical considerations.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,22(3),167-179.
  104. Vanhelst, J.,Béghin, L.,Duhamel, A.,Manios, Y.,Molnar, D.,De Henauw, S.,Moreno, L. A.,Ortega, F. B.,Sjöström, M.,Widhalm, K.,Gottrand, F.(2016).Physical activity is associated with attention capacity in adolescents.Journal of Pediatrics,168,126-131.
  105. Verburgh, L.,Königs, M.,Scherder, E. J.,Oosterlaan, J.(2014).Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis.British Journal of Sports Medicine,48,973-979.
  106. Voss, M. W.,Vivar, C.,Kramer, A. F.,van Praag, H.(2013).Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,17(10),525-544.
  107. Wang, C. H.(2020).The cognitive gains of exercise.Nature Human Behaviour,4,565-566.
  108. Wang, C. H.,Chang, C. C.,Liang, Y. M.,Shih, C. M.,Chiu, W. S.,Tseng, P.,Hung, D. L.,Tzeng, O. J. L.,Muggleton, N. G.,Juan, C. H.(2013).Open vs. closed skill sports and the modulation of inhibitory control.PLoS One,8(2),55773.
  109. Wang, C. H.,Lin, C. C.,Moreau, D.,Yang, C. T.,Liang, W. K.(2020).Neural correlates of cognitive processing capacity in elite soccer players.Biological Psychology,157,107971.
  110. Wang, C. H.,Moreau, D.,Yang, C. T.,Lin, J. T.,Tsai, Y. Y.,Tsai, C. L.(2019).The influence of aerobic fitness on top-down and bottom-up mechanisms of interference control.Neuropsychology,33(2),245-255.
  111. Wang, C. H.,Moreau, D.,Yang, C. T.,Tsai, Y. Y.,Lin, J. T.,Liang, W. K.,Tsai, C. L.(2019).Aerobic exercise modulates transfer and brain signal complexity following cognitive training.Biological Psychology,144,85-98.
  112. Ward, N.,Paul, E.,Watson, P.,Cooke, G. E.,Hillman, C. H.,Cohen, N. J.,Kramer, A. F.,Barbey, A. K.(2017).Enhanced learning through multimodal training: Evidence from a comprehensive cognitive, physical fitness, and neuroscience intervention.Scientific Reports,7(1),1-8.
  113. Whitehead, M.(2007).Physical literacy: Philosophical considerations in relation to developing a sense of self, universality and propositional knowledge.Sport, Ethics and Philosophy,1(3),281-298.
  114. Xue, Y.,Yang, Y.,Huang, T.(2019).Effects of chronic exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta analysis.British Journal of Sports Medicine,53(22),1397-1404.
  115. 立法院 (2021)。國中借課問題研析。https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=204648 [Legislative Yuan. (2021). The investigation into borrow-and-lend behaviors of curriculum in junior high school. https://www.ly.gov.tw/ Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=204648]
  116. 兒童福利聯盟文教基金會 (2015)。2015 年國民中學教學正常化調查報告。作者。[Child Welfare League Foundation R.O.C. (2015). 2015 Report and survey on teaching normalization in junior high school. Author.]
  117. 高俊傑, C.-C(2020)。小組遊戲競賽法對籃球問題解決能力之影響。人文社會科學研究：教育類，14(2)，41-54。
  118. 教育部 (2014)。十二年國民基本教育課程綱要總綱。http://www.naer.edu.tw/ezfiles/0/ 1000/at tach/87/pta_5320_2729842_56626. pdf [Ministry Of Education (2014). Curriculum guidelines of 12-year basic education general guidelines.]
  119. 教育部=Ministry Of Education(2011).中華民國教育報告書：黃金十年、百年樹人.作者=Author.
被引用次数
  1. 謝瑋俐,高士竣,王駿濠(2022)。跆拳道運動表現的體、技、智─試論抑制控制之重要性。中華體育季刊，36(4)，363-374。
print cancel