三～六歲幼兒的天真古生物學－恐龍的結構與行為

Naïve Paleontology: Young Children's Reasoning about the Structures and Behaviors of Dinosaur

10.6173/CJSE.2013.2103.03

莊麗娟(Li-Chuan Chuang)；侯天麗(Tien-Li Hou)

天真生物學 ； 心理本質論 ； 因果推理 ； 行為 ； 結構 ； Naïve Biology ； Psychological Essentialism ； Causal Reasoning ； Behaviors ； Structures

科學教育學刊

21卷3期（2013 / 09 / 01）

291 - 315

繁體中文

基於晚近心理本質論的新發現，認為人類生命早期可能存有一種抽象的推理架構，協助幼兒進行生物因果推理。本研究進一步從較具挑戰性的角度，以幼兒不具經驗的古生物著手，模擬考古歷程，設計問題情境，深入的追蹤80名三～六歲幼兒對恐龍的結構與行為的原發性推理。研究結果發現：（1）在結構方面，三歲已能從一系列化石結構的圖片，推測生物的類別，並能初步組合化石片斷，重構外形，推測恐龍的類別，此能力在六歲時接近成熟；（2）在行為方面，三歲已能依據各部位的骨骼造型，推測恐龍的外在行為，並能初步推測較適合生存的內在機制，此能力在六歲時尚在發展中。整體而言，在鉅觀的遠古物種系統中，幼兒的推理呈現本質論的思考傾向，並隨年齡增長而變異。

The newly emerging psychological essentialism suggested there might be an innate abstract framework in early human life to assist children in making biological reasoning. Based on this notion, this study posed a challenge to previous research and aimed to explore young children's rudimentary reasoning about the structures and behaviors of dinosaurs, with special considerations of children's lacking of knowledge of prehistoric life. Eighty 3-to 6- year-old children without knowledge and experience of dinosaur were tested with task questions in simulated situations of the paleontologists' fossils reconstruction and children's biological reasoning was traced. The result revealed: (1) Pertaining to structures, 3-year-olds were able to identify some kind of the living things from the serial of pictures of bones fossils. And 3-year-olds were able to piece together the fossils pictures and then make rough differentiation for dinosaur kinds preliminarily. Until 6 years of age, this ability was getting mature. (2) Pertaining to behaviors, 3-year-olds appeared to make inference about the behaviors of dinosaur based on the parts of bone fossils. Furthermore, they were able to predict the inside mechanism for sustaining life preliminarily. Around age 6, this ability was still under development. Conclusively, our findings suggested young children showed a tendency for essential thinking when they made biological reasoning within the macro-system of prehistoric species. However, childhood essentialism might have variations over the development of children, when children's knowledge and experience increase.

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