學前兒童構音評估工具的發展

The Development of an Articulation Test for Preschool Mandarin Speaking Children

鄭靜宜(Jing-Yi Jeng)

構音能力 ； 語音異常 ； 聲母 ； 構音異常 ； 電腦化構音測驗 ； Articulatory tests ； initial consonants ； speech sound disorders ； articulatory disorders ； computerized articulatory tests

高雄師大學報：教育與社會科學類

40期（2016 / 06 / 01）

59 - 83

繁體中文

由於目前國內缺乏標準化的兒童構音評估工具，本研究的目的在發展一套適用於學前兒童的構音評估工具，以供聽語教育與臨床使用。構音評估工具的建構有三層次：詞語、句子和短篇連續說話，各對應於三個分測驗，包括詞語構音分測驗、語句構音分測驗、連續圖片描述分測驗。構音評估重點以華語21個聲母為主，施測介面以電腦動畫Flash 程式編寫而成。測驗施測採用一對一方式，以觸控電腦施測。測驗的常模蒐集台灣416位學前兒童的語料，取樣的地區包括台北、台中和高雄三個地區。取樣兒童年齡介於三歲至六歲間，分有四組：三足歲組、四足歲組、五足歲組和六足歲組。施測的幼稚園根據教育局登記名冊，以隨機選取後獲園方同意後施測。統計分析結果在信度方面，詞語分測驗的內部一致性Cronbach's α 係數為.88；重測信度(N=38)在三個分測驗分別為.96、.92及.75（依序為詞語構音分測驗、語句構音分測驗、連續圖片描述分測驗）；評分者間信度(N＝30)在三個分測驗分別為.91、.83及.91（順序同上）。在效度方面，以華語構音／音韻臨床測驗工具為效標，和詞語分測驗分數之相關達.89(p＜.05)。在建構效度方面，三個分測驗皆顯示隨著年齡的增加，構音正確率增加的趨勢，符合預期的構音能力發展的概念，且三個分測驗分數之間的相關皆在.70以上。整體顯示：此評估工具可有效測量學齡前兒童的構音能力；此項評估工具將有助於臨床上對學前兒童語音異常的篩選、診斷與介入。

The purpose of this study is to develop a standardized articulation test for preschool Chinese-speaking children. This test consists of three subtests, including a word articulatory test, a sentence articulatory test, and a serial picture test. There are 36 items in the word test and 12 sentences in the sentence test. The Mandarin 21 initial consonants were the focus of this test. All the children were individually tested by using computers with Flash animation pictures. There were 416 preschool children participating, and according to their age they were divided as four groups, including 3-years-olds, 4- years-olds, 5-years-olds, and 6-years-olds. The test results show that the Cronbach's coefficient was .88 for the word articulatory test. The test-retest reliability after one week was .96, .92 and .75 for the word articulatory test, the sentence articulatory test, and the picture test, respectively. The inter-rater reliability was .91, .83 and .91 for the word articulatory subtest, the sentence articulatory subtest, and the picture subtest, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis results show there was solid evidence for concurrent validity and construct validity. For concurrent validity, there was a strong correlation between the scores of word subtest and those of the Mandarin articulatory/phonological test (r= .89, p＜.05). For construct validity, there shows a developmental progression trend of correct rates on three subtests. These results show this test is suitable for the assessment of preschool children. This test battery can be helpful for the screen, diagnosis and intervention of the children with articulatory disorders (or speech sound disorders) in the clinical practice.

1. 林佳儒、張顯達、鍾玉梅(2013)。語音異常兒童的語音聽辨與聲韻覺識能力與不同治療方式的關係。臺灣聽力語言學會雜誌，30，1-19。
   連結：
2. 張顯達、許碧勳(2000)。國語輔音聽辨與發音能力之發展研究。中華民國聽力語言學會雜誌，15，1-10。
   連結：
3. 陳緯玲、楊淑蘭(2012)。口吃兒童音韻能力與構音能力之研究。特殊教育研究學刊，37(3)，59-88。
   連結：
4. 鄭靜宜(2009)。學齡前兒童聲母構音在不同韻母音境的不一致性。臺灣聽力語言學會雜誌，24，59-78。
   連結：
5. 鄭靜宜(2011)。學前兒童華語聲母之音韻歷程分析。特殊教育學報，34，133-168。
   連結：
6. 林寶貴(1996)。語言障礙評量表。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所。
7. 鄭靜宜(2003)。學前兒童國語構音測驗。臺南：國立臺南大學特殊教育系。
8. American Speech Language Hearing Association. (2016). Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonological Processes. American Speech Language Hearing Association. Retrieved March 7, 2016, from http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/SpeechSoundDisorders.htm
9. 林寶貴、黃玉枝、黃桂君、宣崇慧(2007)。修訂學前兒童語言障礙評量表。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育學系。
10. American Psychiatric Association(2013).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.Washington, DC.:
11. Bankson, N.,Bernthal, J.(1990).Bankson-Berthal Test of Phonology.Chicago:Riverside Press.
12. Bauman-Waengler J.(2000).Articulation and Phonological Impairments.Allyn and Bacon.
13. Bernthal, J. E.,Bankson, N. W.,Flipsen, P.(2013).Articulation and Phonological Disorders.Boston, MS:Allyn and Bacon.
14. Bleile, K. M.(1995).Manual of articulation and phonological disorders-infancy through adulthood.San Diego:Singular Publishing Group.
15. Campbell, T. F.,Dollaghan, C.,Janosky, J. E.,Adelson, P. D.(2007).A Performance Curve for Assessing Change in Percentage of Consonants Correct-Revised (PCC-R).Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research,50(4),1110-1119.
16. Caruso, A. J.(ed.),Strand, E. A.(ed.)(1999).Clinical Management of Motor Speech Disorders in Children.NY:Thieme.
17. Fisher, H.,Logemann, J.(1971).Fisher-Logemann Test of articulation Competence.Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin.
18. Fudala, B.,Reynolds, W.(1986).Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale.Los Angeles:Western Psychological Services.
19. Goldman, R.,Fristoe, M.(2000).Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation.Circle Pines, MN:American Guidance Services.
20. Goldstein, B.,Fabiano, L.,Iglesias, A.(2004).Spontaneous and imitated productions in Spanish-speaking children with phonological disorders.Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools,35(1),5-15.
21. Hodson, B.(2004).Hodson Assessment of Phonological Patterns.Austin, TX:Pro-Ed.
22. Lagerberg, T. B.,Åsberg, J.,Hartelius, L.,Persson, C.(2014).Assessment of intelligibility using children's spontaneous speech: methodological aspects.International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders,49(2),228-239.
23. McDonald, E.(1964).A Deep Test of Articulation.Pittsburgh, PA:Stanwix House.
24. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders=NIDCD(1994).National Strategic research Plan.Bethesda, MD:Department of Health and Human Services.
25. Pendergast, K.,Dickey, S.,Selmar, J.,Soder, A.(1984).Photo Articulation Test.Danville, IL:Interstate Printers and Publishers.
26. Prather, E.,Hedrick, D.,Kern, C. H.(1975).Articulation development in children aged two to four years.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,40,55-63.
27. Shriberg, L. D.,Austin, D.,Lewis, B. A.,McSweeny, J. L.,Wilson, D. L.(1997).The Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) Metric Extensions and Reliability Data.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,40(4),708-722.
28. Shriberg, L. D.,Kwiatkowski, J.(1982).Phonological disorders III: A procedure for assessing severity of involvement.Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders,42,242-256.
29. Smit, A. B.,Hand, L.,Freilinger, J. J.,Bernthal, J. E.,Bird, A.(1990).The Iowa Articulation Norms Project and its Nebraska replication.Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders,55(4),779-798.
30. Templin, M.(1957).Certain Language Skills in Children: Their Development and Interrelationships.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
31. 毛連塭(1979)。國語構音測驗。高雄:復文圖書出版社。
32. 王淑慧、張維珊、童寶娟(2010)。華語構音／音韻臨床測驗工。臺北市:國立臺北護理學院溝通障礙科學研究所。
33. 林寶貴(1994)。語言障礙與矯治。臺北市:五南。
34. 林寶貴(1984)。我國四歲至十五歲兒童語言障礙出現率調查研究。國立臺灣教育學院學報，9，119-158。
35. 許天威、徐享良、席行惠(1992)。國語正音檢核表。彰化:國立彰化師範大學教育學院。
36. 陳秀芳、林麗英(1994)。音韻歷程分析評量之臨床應用－語言與聽力障礙之評估。臺北市:心理出版社。
37. 曾進興編(1997)。語言病理學基礎。臺北市:心理出版社。
38. 楊百嘉、賴湘君、廖文玲(1984)。中國語言構音異常的類型（I）。聽語會刊，1，18-25。
39. 趙麗芬、林寶貴(1987)。台北市國小學童語言障礙及構音能力調查研究。特殊教育季刊，23，30-35。
40. 劉麗容(1991)。如何克服溝通障礙。臺北市:遠流。
41. 鄭靜宜(2004)。電腦化國語構音與音韻測驗之編製與發展。2004 特殊教育學術研討會論文集，臺北市:
42. 蕭育倫(2008)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。高雄市，國立高雄師範大學聽力學與語言治療研究所。
43. 錡寶香(2011)。兒童語言與溝通發展。臺北市:心理出版社。

1. 鄭靜宜(2017)。華語學前兒童語音的習得。華語文教學研究，14(3)，109-136。
2. 鄭靜宜(2017)。影響語音異常兒童非詞複誦表現因素之探討。特殊教育學報，46，55-84。
3. (2024)。國小師資生國語發音錯誤之調查與分析。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊，17(2)，1-24。