菸害防制多元介入計畫對於偏遠地區國小學童之成效

黃素妃; 許伊婷; 廖容瑜

doi:10.6209/JORIES.202112_66(4).0007

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P183 - 215

社会科学 > 教育学

DOI： 10.6209/JORIES

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菸害防制多元介入计画对於偏远地区国小学童之成效

Effectiveness of Smoking Prevention Multicomponent Intervention for Elementary School Students in a Rural Area

黄素妃(Su-Fei Huang) ；许伊婷(Yi-Ting Hsu) ；廖容瑜(Jung-Yu Liao)

教育科学研究期刊； 66 卷 4 期 (2021 / 12 / 01) ， P183 - 215

繁体中文 DOI： 10.6209/JORIES.202112_66(4).0007

多元介入方案；偏远地区学童；菸害防制；整合性行为理论； multicomponent intervention ； rural area elementary school students ； smoking prevention program ； integrated behavior change model

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (56) │ 国际计量

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1. Both smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) are associated with short-term and long-term health hazards. Protecting school students from smoking and SHS exposure is a key public health topic. Smoking prevention education should be introduced as early as possible to address smoking among students. Studies have suggested that implementing smoking prevention education in elementary schools can be an effective instrument for preventing smoking onset in adolescence. The integrated behavior change model (I-Change Model) is a well-known framework for preventing smoking among youths and adolescents. This model comprises attitude, social influences (comprising norms, modeling, and pressure) and self-efficacy. Although numerous European countries have used this model to implement smoke-free prevention programs, it has not yet been applied in Taiwan. Moreover, smoking prevention programs are lacking at the elementary school level in Taiwan and other countries, especially in rural areas. Therefore, we developed a multicomponent intervention based on the I-Change Model and evaluated its effect on elementary school students in a rural area. 2. In this quasiexperimental study, we applied a repeated-measurement design for the comparison and experimental groups. Students in grades 3 to 6 from four elementary schools in rural Southern Taiwan were enrolled as participants in the experimental group. Students for the comparison group were recruited from four other schools from the same area with similar school type and size as the schools selected for the experiment. In total, the 190 participants in the experimental group underwent a 6-month smoking prevention intervention program, whereas the 330 participants in the comparison group received routine health education. The multicomponent intervention, which was based on the I-Change Model, was focused on smoking and SHS prevention. We applied intervention strategies at the individual, family, school, and community levels. At the individual level, a six-session program (with each session being 45 min) named ＂Smoke-Free Co.＂ was implemented. At the school level, the strategies applied included a teacher empowerment workshop and a smoke-free campus program and policy. At the family level, the participants' parents received a letter on the implementation of a smoke-free environment and smoke prevention worksheets through parent-teacher contact books. At the community level, social media were used to deliver information regarding the implementation of smoke- free environments. Preintervention and postintervention measurements for both groups were conducted through a structured questionnaire. During the 6-month follow-up after the end of the intervention, a third set of responses was obtained from both groups synchronously. Three sets of responses were obtained from 169 and 161 participants from the experimental and comparison groups, respectively. 3. In the present study, almost all the participants (94%) did not smoke, and 64.5% were exposed to SHS. The generalized estimating equation results revealed significant group-related and time-related interactions for knowledge, behavioral intention not to smoke, and SHS resistance self-efficacy. Compared with the comparison group and their baseline scores, the experimental group achieved significantly higher scores for knowledge at the end of the intervention (β = 0.65, p ＜ 0.001) and at the 6-month follow-up after the end of the intervention (β = 0.41, p = .027). For behavioral intention not to smoke, the participants in the experimental group achieved significantly higher scores relative to the participants in the comparison group at the 6-month follow-up after the end of the intervention (β = 0.50, p = 0.045). For SHS refusal self-efficacy, the participants in the experimental group had significantly higher scores relative to the participants in the comparison group at the end of the intervention (β = 4.55, p = 0.010). No significant difference was observed for pros and cons, social norms, social modeling, social pressure, smoking resistance self-efficacy, intention to smoke, SHS exposure, and intention to avoid SHS exposure. 4. In summary, the I-Change Model-based multicomponent intervention (comprising multiple strategy levels) influenced knowledge, behavioral intention not to smoke, and SHS refusal self-efficacy among elementary school students in rural Southern Taiwan. Our results partially correspond to those of other studies that examined the I-Change Model. This slight disparity may be attributed to the cultural differences between different countries and the varying levels of proactivity among teachers. Moreover, during the study period of the present study, some participants graduated from elementary school and progressed to junior high school, and this transition could have reduced the effects of the intervention. Therefore, the program must incorporate other effective strategies to enhance its effectiveness. This study has several limitations. First, selection bias may have influenced the results; however, generalized estimating equations were used after controlling for differences in demographic variables among the two groups to address the aforementioned concern. Second, the lower retention rate of our comparison group could also have affected the results. Third, the collected self-reported data could have caused measurement errors because of social expectations. To eliminate the effects of this bias, we collected anonymous data and instructed the participants to complete the questionnaire on the basis of their actual situation. 5. The current findings suggest that, for children who do not smoke but are exposed to SHS, the I-Change Model-based smoking prevention intervention was partially effective in influencing knowledge, behavioral intention not to smoke, and SHS refusal self-efficacy. This program was appropriately applied to students in grades 3 to 6 in rural Southern Taiwan. Our results relating to the integration of multiple intervention methods (for students, schools, families, and communities) can serve as a reference for public health practitioners with respect to prevention planning. In the future, the effectiveness of interventions involving smoking prevention programs must be enhanced by increasing their implementation intensity and utilizing social media. Furthermore, these measures can act as a booster program with a protective factor that helps student to cope with the pressure of school life and confront challenges when they progress to junior high school.

参考文献 ( 56 ) 〈TOP〉

许原榕、杨振宇、严雅音、陈志章、陈富莉、蔡文玲、林碧莉、林雅莹、柯惠玲、黄晓灵（2010）。屏东县国小学童菸害知识，态度，社会环境因素与吸菸行为之相关探讨。台湾口腔医学科学杂志，26（2），106-119。【Hsu, Y.-J., Yang, C.-Y., Yen, Y.-Y., Chen, C.-C., Chen, F.-L., Tsai, W.-L., Lin, P.-L., Lin, Y.-Y., Ko, H.-L., & Huang, H.-L. (2010). Knowledge, attitude, social environmental factors associated with smoking behavior among primary schoolchildren in Pin-Tung county. Taiwan Journal of Oral Medicine Sciences, 26(2), 106-119. 】
连结：
廖信荣、李景美、林世华、苗乃芳、龙芝宁、李淑卿、林宜蕙、颜丽娟、周怡汝（2013）。台北市国中学生菸害预防教育介入成效研究。学校卫生，63，25-47。https://doi.org/10. 30026/CJSH.201312_(63).0002【Liao, H.-J., Lee, C.-M., Lin, S.-H., Miao, N.-F., Lung, C.-N., Lee, S.-C., Li, Y.-H., Yen, L.-C., & Chou, Y.-R. (2013). Study on the effects of a smoking prevention program among the junior high school students in Taipei City. Chinese Journal of School Health, 63, 25-47. 】
连结：
Akhtar, P. C., Haw, S. J., Currie, D. B., Zachary, R., & Currie, C. E. (2009). Smoking restrictions in the home and secondhand smoke exposure among primary schoolchildren before and after introduction of the Scottish smoke-free legislation. Tobacco Control, 18(5), 409-415. https://doi. org/10.1136/tc.2009.030627
连结：
Ali, M. M., & Dwyer, D. S. (2009). Estimating peer effects in adolescent smoking behavior: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 402-408.
连结：
Andrews, J. A., Gordon, J. S., Hampson, S. H., Gunn, B., Christiansen, S. M., & Slovic, P. (2013). Long-term efficacy of Click City®: Tobacco: A school-based tobacco prevention program. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(1), 33-41.
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